from the cape to cairo cartoon analysis

Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. Robert L. Gambone in his 2009 book, Life on the Press: The Popular Art and Illustrations of George Benjamin Luks, describes the cartoon as follows: The Way We Get Our War News (The Verdict, August 21, 1899, front cover) excoriates military press censorship, a supremely ironic development given the appeals to freedom used to justify the war. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. 799820 (June 2000). When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, it's a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. Source:Library of Congress. Date 1902 December 10. On February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. The word "Civilization" (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. A poster headlined A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for all Time, probably also dating from 1898, celebrated the rapprochement between the United States and Great Britain with particularly dense detail. 8, No. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. 5 vols. Texas and U.S.S. color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of Yet, the protagonists exchange encouraging looks, revealing the covert support behind their positions of benevolent neutrality., The Anglo-Saxon Christmas 1899. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. The White (!) Keppler, Udo J., Artist. As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. Several of these graphics from Puck commented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 77-99 (2011). Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. Even the language of Lifes caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled The Strenuous Life. Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger . As the Heathen See Us A Meeting of the Chinese Foreign Missions Society. John S. Pughe,Puck, November 21, 1900. - Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. From the Cape to Cairo. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). Klein, Thoralf. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. Name: Grady Lentz Rhodes cartoon analysis Figure 1.4: Imperialist, explorer and businessman Rhodes as a. 8, Issue 4, pp. The White Mans Burden was used by both pro- and anti-imperialist factions. Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress, Puck on occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. The First Traverse of Africa From South to North. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Bello, Walden. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. A laughing missionary in the lead, blood-soaked soldiers of the Allied forces tread on the bodies of women and children while carrying severed heads on a pike. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). | Print shows John Bull reclining on luggage labeled "J.B." and boxes of "War Supplies" and "Commissary Supplies" at the "Hotel Egypt" where an Egyptian man is hanging 1 print : chromolithograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . Retrieved from the Library of Congress. The U.S. follows Britains imperial lead carrying people from Barbarism at the base of the hill to Civilization at its summit. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. England, a caricature, multiples hands over countries, Top hat, 2000s stereotypical villain, water, lands countries. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. United We Stand for Civilization and Peace: the Anglo-Saxon Globe. Boxer attacks on Western infrastructure and the siege of foreign diplomats in Beijing gave the international powers a pretext for entering China with military force. This will help reinforce what youve already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. Co., Puck Bldg. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. This special issue illustrated by Thophile Steinlen comprises a particularly gruesome mural depicting the bloodshed of contemporary colonial wars in Turkey, China, and Africa. English. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014). the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. The anti-imperialist Life magazine was similarly attuned to the hypocrisy of cloaking military violence in pious rhetoric. 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of progress must be cut', cartoon depicting British colonialism as a civilising force - 1902 . It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. (The exception would be Manchuria, alternating between Russian and Japanese control in the coming years.) Includes bibliographical references and index. This video provides an in depth analysis of a GCSE History cartoon from the event surrounding the signing of the Treaty of Versailles (after WW1). The War Prayer begins with a preacher praising the nations just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. Britain leads the way in this harsh rendering, shouldering the burden of China, India, Egypt, and Soudan. The United States staggers behind carrying grotesque racist caricatures labeled Filipino, Porto Rico, Cuba, Samoa, and Hawaii.. Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility., A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization. It ought to be a Happy New Year, the caption reads. William!! Weber, Mark. Good Will to Nobody., The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue of McClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical, The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Title from item. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. At the same time, however, the suppression of The War Prayer helps highlight the courage and critical edge that many political cartoonists brought to the very same subject of spreading death and destruction in the name of civilization and progress. For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints The banners of both side pronounce fidelity to the golden rule., Boxer banner (Chinese forces flags): Do not do unto others what you would not that others should do unto you. Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. The foothold in the Philippines brought China within reach. As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known as uitlanders (foreigners) to the Boers. The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. As the military governor until May 1900, Otis inflated Filipino atrocities and prevented journalists, Red Cross officials, and soldiers from reporting American atrocities, though ghastly accounts slipped through. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United Statesrooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812grew into a sympathetic partnership. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. in: Puck, v. 52, no. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . Partnership with Great Britain brought the advantage of shared technology to the U.S., but the new American-made ships represented competition for the British shipbuilding industry. The enlarged detail below reveals that the flags of the opponents say the same thing in different words, each justifying their wars to uphold the principle of the Golden Rule., Are our teachings, then, in vain? Udo Keppler,Puck, October 3, 1900. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned "The White Man's Burden," the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britain's John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque . (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. 32, No. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - Source: Bibliothque nationale de France, British soldiers laugh at the spectacle of Boer prisoners of war being shocked by an electric fence. - What impact might this have on its perspective or bias? Harpers Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . [View Extract]. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. The weekly magazine Judge, a rival to Puck that was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. This will help reinforce what you've already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. For guidance about compiling full citations consult In an unprecedented alliance, the second expeditionary force was comprised of (from largest troop size to smallest) Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, U.S., Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race." The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. No quarter will be given! The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. 377. The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling). Victor Gillam,Judge, April 1, 1899. Explain the message within this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included in it. Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. Please use: Dr. Beasleys Calendar to book appointment times. Vuitton Travel & Luxury Lifestyle curates the Great North Road tour, a 22-day trek starting in Cape Town, taking guests from one natural and historic wonder to the next, and ending up in Cairo . Source and Registration#: Created by Joseph Keppler, Professor of Iranian and Central Asian History and of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago, Outreach Coordinator, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Chicago, The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign EyesTwentieth and Twenty-First CenturiesImage Resource Bank, 2010 The Oriental Institute, The University of Chicago | (ISSN 1961-9898). She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. and Distributor, 2004). From the C - ER9554 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.).

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