Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. In the context of the geographic grid system, a distance equal to 60 minutes. latitude/longitude. The URL specifies what you want: the dataset, a description of the 3 0 obj Therefore, you need to convert data to a matrix as in my example above. The latitude 38.897676 and longitude -77.036530 shown on map. If he wanted control of the company, why didn't Elon Musk buy 51% of Twitter shares instead of 100%? Its a csv file. Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! Is that possible using the library? Go. It won't change the projection it will visually show you that information as you are changing information of data frame not of your layer. 4326, 4269, 27700, 32701) or, alternatively, the details of the spatial reference system (the datum, projection, prime meridian and unit of measure) for both your source and chosen destination format. Reported in metres. Light bulb as limit, to what is current limited to? 503), Mobile app infrastructure being decommissioned. North and 103 deg. 49 min 31.9752 sec. Load the metres based data (I hope you know what this coord sys is, UTM perhaps) into ArcMap, then change the coordinate system of the data frame to a GCS based system. No, I'm referring to the spherical law of cosines, though it may also work with Vincenty's direct formula. OSGB Co-Ordinates X = Eastings Y = Northings example :-X = 492983 Y = 188837. I've been stuck on this for weeks. A brief synopsis of latitude and longitude and how they are used to accurately describe locations on the surface of the earth.Feel free to use this video! I'm pretty new to R, But this is with example numbers. <>>> 20743. Sixty seconds corresponds to one minute. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Tokyo, Japan Lat Long Coordinates Info. Here's how I did it: Download the Great Britain "Code-Point Open" dataset by clicking here Coordinates that describe an exact location on the surface of Earth are represented in degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude and longitude. Coordinates are reported in degrees, minutes, and seconds. When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com. Long=-1.200235 or Lat =53.870659N Long=1.200235W. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. I've converted a Javascript implementation into T-SQL functions for the WGS84 to Latitude/Longitude values. The base point is usually a latitude and longitude, and eastings and northings are normally expressed in meters or feet. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Coordinates are reported in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Converting Southing/Easting GPS coordinates to Latitude/Longitude, From Latitude and Longitude to absolute X, Y coordinates, How convert wgs 84 to lat/long in SQL Server, Convert WGS84 into Latitude and Longitude, Converting coordinates from SVY21 to WGS84, Given a latitude and longitude, Get the location name, Get user's location (latitude, longitude) with Bing or Google Maps API, Extract latitude and longitude from coordinates, Bing: directionsManger.getAllWaypoints() doesn't return latitude/longitude, Delphi Convert GPS Coordinates for GoogleMaps, Converting dd mm.mmm' to dd.ddddd (latitude & longitude) in Python 3, Handling unprepared students as a Teaching Assistant. code. A relational database? Reference or Coordinate here:?including Lat/Long, NAC, US Zip and UTM or even GB telephone area The easting and northing, however, is usually offset a particular value to make them positive and allow them to express places west and south of the base point. (As you drag the icon a cross will appear below, use this as the exact location) Using the zoom bar (or the mouse wheel) to zoom into the property. OSGB36 Grid Reference. Co-Ordinates X = Eastings Y = Northings example :-X = 492983 Y = 188837. Figures T8 and T9 illustrate the geographic grid system in Canada. Long=-1.200235 or Lat =53.870659N Long=1.200235W. Is the output in meters? endobj It sounds like you're really at this point asking how to read data into R. In which case, try using Google or searching in the SO search bar to the above right and then ask again if you can't figure it out. To get accurate UTM from Lat Long, enter accurate Lat Long coordinates. B*2N@%*~?m=>Y"LL&t= -kI Why should you not leave the inputs of unused gates floating with 74LS series logic? If you were using GPS to pin-point your location, you might be able to record UTM coordinates to within a 1 m by 1 m square, and your coordinates might look something like: 11 U 708411 m E 5659284 m N. Note that the UTM system is a true metric measuring system, and that it is the easiest to use accurately. Imaginary lines that run east-west and are used to measure latitude in the geographic grid system. Then you can export the data in the CRS of the DF. ITM Irish Transverse Mercator Co-Ordinates example :- (Easting) Y (Northing) Go. Also, find GPS coordinates for the given address, it will be calculated and display as below. The latitude of New York City, NY, USA is 40.730610, and the longitude is -73.935242. This calculation is called solving the "direct geodesic problem", and this is discussed in C.F.F. Jump to solution. ) B(Jo(qm?ikp(,T`xp"GzIA6`-h-D=,9;)gPu5`'tDOz_biyTk .?zg5En\% Projected: Easting/Northing The elliptical Earth can be projected onto a flat surface (i.e., a paper map). Map coordinates of a point are computed from its ellipsoidal latitude and longitude by a standard formula known as a map projection. 4 0 obj By going in to layer properties and then go to general in unit section change the display unit as per your need. endobj Click here to stay signed in Close. rev2022.11.7.43014. Together, these coordinates describe an exact location. =hvYQnA[z_RZ,.Im_){5HBo7ZgQ'a=ocahW Based on the code above, I also added a version of zone and hemisphere detection (that solves conversion problems, as described in some comments) + shorthand for CRS string and conversion back to WSG86: Where CRS("+init=epsg:4326") is shorthand for CRS("+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +no_defs +towgs84=0,0,0"). Automate the Boring Stuff Chapter 12 - Link Verification, A planet you can take off from, but never land back. Feel free to use as you see fit. Using coordinates to specify a position in a grid is just like locating a point on a simple X-Y graph. Tuguro Chumikansky District, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. Ap"w6s1Hg`{W G3(sO0d%iPCkt 1fzS49!Jl0VGx'39iQ$g= What is the use of NTP server when devices have accurate time? GPS coordinates: 38 53' 51.6336'' N 77 2' 11.5080'' W The bottom right corner where map unit is their that part will only get changed. How to print the current filename with a function defined in another file? In the context of the geographic grid system, a measurement of distance. The geographic WGS84 lat/long CRS has an origin - (0,0) - located at the intersection of the Equator (0 latitude) and Prime Meridian other times you may see a letter as follows: Zone 18T, 730782m Easting, 4712631m Northing vs UTM Zone 18N, 730782m, 4712631m. Some people have mentioned about UTM zones. The latitude of Tokyo, Japan is 35.652832, and the longitude is 139.839478. On an X-Y graph, the first number in the coordinate refers to the position along the X-axis and the second number refers to the position along the Y-axis (Figure T12 a). Some values are abbreviated to save space on the map, e.g., the number 06 represents the grid line for easting 706000 m E, and the number 58 represents the grid line for northing 5658000 m N. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid references What is the variable "SP" in the spTransform() call? A csv? Your turn to practice finding and describing locations using grid coordinates. A measurement of the angular distance north or south from the equator of a point on Earth's surface. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Finding UTM zone reference: http://www.igorexchange.com/node/927. Does protein consumption need to be interspersed throughout the day to be useful for muscle building? WGS84 Co-Ordinates example :-Lat =53.870659 Long=-1.200235 or "SpatialPointsDataFrame-class" for more on how to convert simple data.frames or matrices to SpatialPointsDataFrame objects. Subtract the easting and northing by their respective offset values. To ensure that appropriate projection metadata are at every step associated with the coordinates, I'd suggest converting the points to a SpatialPointsDataFrame object as soon as possible. According to the geodetic version of SVY21, this base point is 1 deg. SVY21, however, uses the exact same datum and ellipsoid as WGS84, making the task simpler. What are the UTM coordinates (easting and northing) of the point in Figure T12 b? Does that have to be taken into account in the script. Any formula or details how to convert easting/northing to lat/lon? Are witnesses allowed to give private testimonies? So I assume in the following you have your data set in a text file: The comments suggest that the problem comes from applying project() to data.frame. etc. Comunidad Esri Colombia - Ecuador - Panam, Specifying a coordinate systemHelp | ArcGIS for Desktop, Add XY CoordinatesHelp | ArcGIS for Desktop. One way is to change your map projection in ArcGIS (right click on Layer in the Table of Contents and go to Properties then click on the Coordinate System tab) (Specifying a coordinate systemHelp | ArcGIS for Desktop ) to a coordinate system that uses Lat/Long. 1. Mark as New; Bookmark; Subscribe; Is anyone aware of how to convert easting and northing values (I have thousands of values!) DMS to Lat Long Lat Long to UTM UTM to Lat Long Latest Search Places Country List Add Places. 6. Try plotting the coordinate 11 U 707500 m E 5658200 m N on Figure T12 b. See Appendix 2 for, Lab 2: Mineral Properties and Non-Silicate Minerals, Lab 6: Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle, Lab 7: Relative Dating and Geological Time, A Practical Guide to Introductory Geology, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. How to avoid acoustic feedback when having heavy vocal effects during a live performance? You mention "GPS" in your question title, so I'm assuming that the lat/lon you require is defined relative to the WGS84 datum used by global positioning systems, but there are still many projections of that datum that could lead to different Easting/Northing values. It covers latitudes spanning 80S to 84N (the poles are covered by the Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. The two types of grid systems we will cover in this course are: Depending on your settings in Google Earth Pro, you might be using the geographic grid system (latitude and longitude) OR the Universal Transverse Mercator grid system (UTM). > Currently this returns TRUE for all geographic coordinate systems with an EPSG code set, and axes set defining it as lat, long. Full credit to http://baroque.posterous.com/uk-postcode-latitudelongitude. How to print the current filename with a function defined in another file? Movie about scientist trying to find evidence of soul. I've got coordinates of location in easting/northing format but I need to convert it to proper lat long to center it in bing maps. Not the answer you're looking for? 22 min. My profession is written "Unemployed" on my passport. Once you've downloaded codepo_gb.zip I have the following UK postcode dy8 3xt and know that the latitude and longitude is:. To use coordinates in a UTM grid system, simply use the labeled grid lines or graticules around the outer border of a map and plot the easting first, followed by the northing (Figure T12 b). (To call, save the last code block to a .pl file, and then call perl script.pl your.csv also remember, $x[0], $x[10] and $x[11] should be the column numbers of postcode, easting and northing respectively. Click on the name of the place for more details. Then you can Add XY values to your features: Add XY CoordinatesHelp | ArcGIS for Desktop. ? I found a fairly simple example of how to do this but I cant get it to work for me. Sci-Fi Book With Cover Of A Person Driving A Ship Saying "Look Ma, No Hands!". Sorry, but this is not the correct way to "change a coordinate system". Karney's article ". As i said I just copied an example i found online. DMS Lat: DMS Long: UTM Easting: UTM Northing: UTM Zone: Q: Zoom Level: 7: Lat Long. Convert Lat Long to UTM. I hate sounding like an idiot but this is new to me but I dont know what that means. e.g logic.twin.blunt. Grid systems are used to precisely identify locations on a map. Plotting shp file in leaflet, works in ggplot, R - Problems with converting UTM coordinates with the rgdal package, How to make data frame into raster object R, reprojecting a raster in R error "could not find function "wkt". into Lat and Long as I need DD for the GIS and my coordinates are in metres. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. In the UTM grid shown in Figure T12 b, what is the length in metres of each side of each square on the grid? In this grid system designed by the military, Earths surface is divided into 60 north-south zones designated by a number and letter, each covering 6 of longitude in width (Figure T10). Company . Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. I no how to read in data. I will assume your eastings and northings are expressed in meters. Add Site Import Cart Empty Cart Remove Selected Sites Basic Data Availability Summary Advanced Data Availability Summary Submit Data Request Zoom to All Sites in Cart # A tibble: 2 x 5 EPSG Northing Easting X Y 1 32650 1105579 609601 609601 1105579 2 32650 5540547 643329 643329 5540547 Share Improve this answer Execution plan - reading more records than in table. you can then run the following perlscript in order to parse the data, If you want to stick to your code that uses cbind() you have to do the following: The difference between dd["X"] and dd[,"X"] is that latter will not return a data.frame and as a consequence cbind() will yield a matrix and not a data.frame. Using griddap to Request Data and Graphs from Gridded Datasets griddap lets you request a data subset, graph, or map from a gridded dataset (for example, sea surface temperature data from a satellite), via a specially formed URL. Most of my coordinates now look like -9596387 -5670257, -9597204 -5666367, etc. If I change that to "xy", I don't get the same output as shown below that call. Miami, FL, USA Lat Long Coordinates Info. Will it have a bad influence on getting a student visa? OSGB36 Easting/Northing, OSGB36 Map Tile Reference, National Grid Reference. 1 0 obj To avoid negative numbers, the equator is assigned a false northing of 10,000,000 meters South for referencing northing coordinates in the southern hemisphere. data.table vs dplyr: can one do something well the other can't or does poorly? I just dont know how to do that. New York City, NY, USA Lat Long Coordinates Info. In the context of the geographic grid system, a distance equal to 60 seconds. Distance Calculator. mySociety::GeoUtil. Remember, you must specify the zone number! % The easting is always given first, followed by the northing. Traditional English pronunciation of "dives"? New Contributor III 02-23-2016 08:21 AM. Does protein consumption need to be interspersed throughout the day to be useful for muscle building? Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. that's why i didn't downvote it since someone might find this useful too. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is a global system of grid-based mapping references.. UTM is in fact a set of 60 separate transverse Mercator projections, 1 covering 60 longitudinal zones each 6 wide. There is a relatively simple solution in perl: So, first of all, make sure you have Perl installed. T-SQL // How I can convert Northing / Easting coordinates to lat / long? Go. Address to Lat Long Lat Long to Address Lat Long to DMS. I need the script to read it from a table of thousands of coordinates. NOTE: UTM and NATO easting and northing values are rounded to the nearest meter. What are the coordinates for MRU in UTM coordinates? Distance Calculator Distance Between Countries That, Thank you. 60 zones, with each of them separated by 6 degrees in longitude and the locations are expressed in terms of so called easting and northing, i.e. Lat Long. Confirm logout . dd <- read.csv(file.choose(), header = T) X <- dd["X"] Y <- dd["Y"] xy <- cbind(c(X), c(Y)) project(xy, "+proj=utm +zone=51 ellps=WGS84") Not even sure if that equation makes sense but it doesnt run. Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! rev2022.11.7.43014. Euler integration of the three-body problem. Covariant derivative vs Ordinary derivative. UTM Coordinates Easting, Northing Easting. There are many different ways to do this. New Zealand topographic map showing LINZ NZ Topo250 and NZ Topo50 map series. EzHYQVXS. When using the geographic grid system, one must specify whether coordinates are north (N) or south (S) of the equator, and east (E) or west (W) of the prime meridian. What are the weather minimums in order to take off under IFR conditions? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. would be good but I prefer the computations and/or formulas for the conversion for portability. Unluckily I do not use everyday the GIS so sometimes I struggle even with something I have already done. Go. New York City, NY, USA is located at United States country in the Cities place category with the gps coordinates of 40 43' Below are some of the latest search result submitted by our users and visitors. UTM Easting: UTM Northing: Category: Cities: Country Code: JP: Zoom Level: 7: Coordinates of Tokyo, Japan is given above in both decimal degrees and DMS (degrees, minutes and seconds) format. Why are standard frequentist hypotheses so uninteresting? Conversions to NATO coordinates are only done for the WGS84 ellipsoid. %PDF-1.5 Changing the display units can, sort of, enable you to measure stuff, but its not very accurate imho. For example, the full UTM coordinates 11 U 708411 m E 5659284 m N can be abbreviated using only the bolded and underlined portions of the full coordinates, 11 U 084592. 54.452772 -2.156082 I also know that the Easting, Northing for the postcode is:. (Easting) Y (Northing) Go. My question is after i read in X (longitude) and Y (latitude) from my table. To use coordinates in a geographic grid system, simply use the labeled grid lines or graticules around the outer border of a map and plot the longitude first, followed by the latitude. Traditional English pronunciation of "dives"? Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! the results I'm getting are in SVY21 format and I'll need to convert it to WGS84 and plot it in bing maps. A shortened version of full UTM coordinates for a specific location on Earth's surface. @stackoverflowuser2010 -- Oops, my bad. x=io8?h3jVC$zrmNJ\NQI}H4zvlyy=}_eIfYJX,)x4~Kr}K6,S,0 -UBILTYD4nJ$bKpXP%b 'K*YE/K&fyZ,,b^lKb_^28._Z-YX/^e^OPdy*`T/NLx i%OKfLxJe S`H\@4_4uM}J/kZkZG;(aL]8E!(-|rq,O#_ -LF~HpWUC5Y{pP~ W5x."M-C]zS#d A!>F_hW-7MA4'+\Chij'BdNT2SjnK~K= 7-^8RS Q)=6FNq~C@f"V7-_q(l!*U{I?adBv5=B`^Y6kncR|;EQ,z}lqvB>o|1A?o?[q{$-bnMg|]{kzr0YW\M@juT%0C. Im sorry if i sound like an idiot, im just trying to get a grasp on this. <> For instance, an area with coordinates marked 41 56 54.3732 N, 87 39 19.2024 W would be read as 41 degrees, 56 minutes, 54.3732 seconds north; 87 degrees, 39 minutes, 19.2024 seconds west. project() does not work on data.frames since it checks for is.numeric(). How about from easting/northing to lat/lon? Use the project tool, to create a new feature in the coordinate system of choice (in your case GCS). Converts Direct to ETRS89 Lat/Long - links to external script to do conversion; Converts Direct to Postcode - links to external script to do conversion; Converts Direct to WGS84 Lat/Long; Converts Direct to OSGB36 Lat/Long; OSGB36 Grid Ref to ETRS89 Lat/Long - links to What do you call an episode that is not closely related to the main plot? Each projected coordinate system, such as "Universal Transverse Mercator EDIT: To be more specific, I need to convert SVY21 coordinates to the to WGS84. You have been inactive for too long and will be automatically logged out in To stay signed in longer, sign out, then sign back in after selecting the "Stay signed in" option. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Notice how not all the numbers labeled along the edge are written in full. Imaginary lines that run north-south and are used to measure longitude in the geographic grid system. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. How can I write this using fewer variables? See ? UTM to Lat Long geographic tool provides you a facility to get lat long from a given UTM. Longitude Latitude >> Easting Northing Zone: Using the map, first drag the to the rough location of your property. Also, find GPS coordinates for the given address, it will be calculated and display as below. I have thousands of coordinates I have to transform and I cant figure out how to get them from my table to into this script, My data set has 3 columns, ID, X, and Y. The eastward-measured distance, or x-coordinate, used in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system. A UTM coordinate always begins with the zone, which in the case for most of Calgary is 11 U. <> East (that is, a latitude of about 1.3674765 degrees and a longitude of about 103.8255487 degrees; the well known text for the projected version, however, uses a slightly different latitude and longitude). Geographical coordinates: Longitude and Latitude can be entered in three different notations: decimal degrees: dd.ddddd degrees, decimal minutes: dd mm.mmm' degrees, minutes, seconds: dd mm' ss.s'' All formats or notations are converted into each other. The example above is example numbers. Select "Sign out" below if you are ready to My bad, hopefully it can help someone though as I stumbled upon this question while in a rush to find a solution and this was the easiest method for British conversion. Converting latitude and longitude points to UTM. What3Words. j@C^-M-x*!r Eastings and northings are distances east and north, respectively, of a base point. by francescarusso. To perform one of the conversions below simple enter the starting coordinate into the box above, and it will be instantly converted to the formats below! extract the GB eastings/northings and convert them to guess coordinate system from x and y in meters, and approximate corresponding long and lat, Checking whether coordinates fall within a given radius, R transforming coordinates inside the data.frame, Converting latitude and longitude data to UTM with points from multiple UTM zones in R, Wrong value occur when converting points from UTM to WGS84 in R, R exports unexpected results when transforming coordinates into UTM, Find nearest latitude/longitude with an SQL query, Latitude and Longitude to UTM coordinates. Lat Long. Depending on the accuracy required in locating a point on a map, degrees () may be subdivided into 60 subdivisions known as minutes () and minutes may be subdivided into 60 subdivisions known as seconds (). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Reported in metres. For more information on these coordinates click here, Show Detailed Conversions Show Extra Conversions Show Conversion Detail, OSGB36 Easting/Northing, OSGB36 Map Tile Reference, National Grid Reference. are you referring to Haversine's formula? Remember, you must specify the zone number! Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Easting 380749.6, Northing 4928286. The latitude 40.689249 and longitude -74.044500 shown on map. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 540 720] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The line of 0 longitude is the prime meridian located in Greenwich, England, and longitude increases from 0 to 180 as you move east or west away from the prime meridian. It is not advised to project coordinates into far away zones. The line of 0 latitude is the equator, and latitude increases from 0 to 90 as you move north or south towards the poles. See Appendix 2 for Google Earth Tutorial answers. Then, install the EASTING AND NORTHING TO LAT AND LONG. To get accurate Lat Long from UTM, enter accurate UTM coordinates. Light bulb as limit, to what is current limited to? You can check the conversion by comparing with the expected values: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! stream 503), Mobile app infrastructure being decommissioned. For example, 11 U 705863 m E 5658841 m N are the approximate coordinates for the Calgary Tower. It is impossible to flatten a round object without distortion, and this results in trade-offs between area, Also, find GPS coordinates for the given address, it will be calculated and display as below. Thanks again, Stop requiring only one assertion per unit test: Multiple assertions are fine, Going from engineer to entrepreneur takes more than just good code (Ep. What are the weather minimums in order to take off under IFR conditions? TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read) Latitude and longitude are broken into degrees, minutes, seconds and directions, starting with latitude. etc.) How to convert a spatial dataframe back to normal dataframe? A Practical Guide to Introductory Geology by Siobhan McGoldrick is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Features include: Both 1:250,000 / Topo250 and 1:50,000 / Topo50 map series; Placename, feature, map sheet and coordinate search; Printing map areas; Sharing and linking to locations; Coordinate conversion (NZTM, NZMG and WGS84); Ability to add kml and gpx (gps file format) overlays; Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. 2 0 obj You can also find lat and long coordinates by moving mouse on below map. Would a bicycle pump work underwater, with its air-input being above water? Start by entering a Postcode, Grid A grid system used to specify locations on Earth using coordinates of latitude and longitude. Pity I can only upvote by 1 - you saved me the effort of porting the JavaScript algorithm I'd found into Perl!! How to avoid acoustic feedback when having heavy vocal effects during a live performance? Lat Long to UTM geographic tool provides you a facility to get UTM from a given Lat Long. Can an adult sue someone who violated them as a child? following four modules: Geo::HelmertTransform Geography::NationalGrid CAM::DBF How can I transform them using this equation? If you need a different coordinate system, check out the University of Wisconsin - Green Bay web page that I used as a source and get the updated constants. To get accurate UTM from Lat Long, enter accurate Lat Long coordinates. http://baroque.posterous.com/uk-postcode-latitudelongitude, Stop requiring only one assertion per unit test: Multiple assertions are fine, Going from engineer to entrepreneur takes more than just good code (Ep.