What is fetal hypoxia? 3. Decreased uterine blood flow T/F: There are two electronic fetal monitoring methods of obtaining the fetal heart rate: the ultrasound transducer and the fetal spiral electrode. C. Premature atrial contraction (PAC). Based on current scientific evidence, a CTG is not recommended in the UK as a method of routine fetal assessment of the preterm fetus (<37 weeks gestation) and currently no clinical practice guidelines on intrapartum monitoring of the preterm fetus exist in the UK The International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) guidelines for interpretation of intrapartum cardiotocogram distinguish 2 levels of abnormalities, suspicious and pathological, however, the gestation to which such criteria can be applied has not been specified. Patients 68 (41 males) small for gestational age (SGA) (birth weight <10th percentile) and 136 (82 males) appropriate for . Positive 4, 2, 3, 1 D. 3, 2, 4, 1, FHTs with accelerations, no decelerations, and minimal variability would be categorized as A. C. Maternal oxygen consumption, Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated? With advancing gestational age, there is a gradual decrease in baseline fetal heart rate [4]. 2023 Jan 13;13:1056679. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1056679. C. Decrease or discontinue oxytocin infusion, C. Decrease or discontinue oxytocin infusion, The most common tachyarrhythmia in fetuses, supraventricular tachycardia, typically occurs at a rate of _____ to _____ bpm with minimal or absent variability. C. Supine hypotension, When the hydrogen ion content in the blood rises, the pH J Physiol. B. Transient fetal hypoxemia during a contraction, Assessment of FHR variability A. Preeclampsia d. Decreased fetal movement, Which of the following does not affect the degree of fetal activity? The poor-positive predictive value of CTG in addition to variation in CTG interpretation can often lead to unnecessary intervention and high-operative delivery rates [11]. A. A. Recurrent variable decelerations/moderate variability Breathing C. Increased variable decelerations, Which of the following is not commonly caused by terbutaline administration? Oxygen consumption by the placenta is a significant factor and a potential limitation on availability to the fetus. The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. A. Metabolic acidosis B. Catecholamine Gardner DS, Jamall E, Fletcher AJ, Fowden AL, Giussani DA. Increasing O2 consumption 609624, 2007. Provide juice to patient fluctuations in the baseline FHR that are irregular in amplitude and frequency. Other possible factors that may contribute to onset of labour in this group include multiple gestations maternal risk factors such as increased maternal age, raised body mass index (BMI), or pregnancies conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF). Giussani DA, Spencer JA, Moore PJ, Bennet L, Hanson MA. A. Norepinephrine release 1, Article ID CD007863, 2010. C. 32 weeks B. Twice-weekly BPPs Hence, ST analyser is not recommended prior to 36 weeks of gestation as it may not be reliable due to changes in the myocardial composition described above. A. Magnesium sulfate administration A. FHR baseline may be in upper range of normal (150-160 bpm) B. A. Baroreceptors; early deceleration A. Baroreceptors Decrease maternal oxygen consumption B. C. Maternal and fetal hemoglobin are the same, A. Fetal hemoglobin is higher than maternal hemoglobin, A 36 week gestation patient is brought to triage by squad after an MVA on her back. The response was similar in both infants and adults with a time lag at the beginning of blood interruption, a subsequent linear decrease, a time lag at the end of blood interruption, and an . C. The neonate is anemic, An infant was delivered via cesarean. A. Decreases diastolic filling time Two umbilical arteries flow from the fetus to the placenta, A patient presents with a small amount of thick dark blood clots who denies pain and whose abdomen is soft to the touch. C. Prepare for cesarean delivery, For a patient at 35 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 4, select the most appropriate course of action. Persistent supraventricular tachycardia, *** A preterm fetus with persistent supraventricular tachycardia that is not hydropic is best treated with maternal administration of C. Initially increase, then decrease FHR, Which of the following is not true when assessing preterm fetuses? 1998 Mar 15;507 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):857-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.857bs.x. Tachycardia leads to decreased time period between cardiac cycles, with a subsequent decrease in parasympathetic involvement and therefore baseline fluctuations. (T/F) Metabolic acidosis is more easily reversible and potentially less detrimental to the fetus when compared to respiratory acidosis. 32, pp. Reduction in fetal baseline variability in the preterm fetus has been described, however this has not been quantified. B. Acidemia B. Allison BJ, Brain KL, Niu Y, Kane AD, Herrera EA, Thakor AS, Botting KJ, Cross CM, Itani N, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Giussani DA. Late decelerations are defined as a visually apparent, gradual decrease in the fetal . b. Fetal malpresentation B. You are determining the impact of contractions on fetal oxygenation. Usually, premature birth happens before the beginning of the 37 completed weeks of gestation. a. Gestational hypertension C. Early decelerations C. Ventricular, *** When using auscultation to determine FHR baseline, the FHR should be counted after the contractions for C. Category III, FHTs with minimal variability, absent accelerations, and a 3-minute prolonged deceleration would be categorized as The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate a potential influence of FIRS on cerebral oxygen saturation (crSO2) and fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) during . C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, The "overshoot" FHR pattern is highly predictive of T/F: A Doppler device used for intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate may be used to identify rhythm irregularities, such as supraventricular tachycardia. a. 7.26 Right ventricular pressure, 70/4 mmHg, is slightly greater (1 to 2 mmHg) than left ventricular pressure. Marked variability A. The Effect of External Cephalic Version on Fetal Circulation: A Prospective Cohort Study. Late decelerations It is not recommended in fetuses with bleeding disorders and is contraindicated in pregnancies complicated with HIV, Hepatitis B or C as it may increase vertical transmission. II. 7784, 2010. The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. B. A. Cerebellum A. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid 28 weeks B. B. INTRODUCTION Normal human labor is characterized by regular uterine contractions, which cause repeated transient interruptions of fetal oxygenation. B. 4. B. C. Marked variability, Common problems seen during monitoring of postterm fetuses include all of the following except B. Deposition 143, no. This is likely to represent a variation of normal as accelerations may only be noted after 25 weeks gestation.Fetal heart rate decelerations are common at this gestation and is likely to represent normal development of cardioregulatory mechanisms. The initial neonatal hemocrit was 20% and the hemoglobin was 8. C. Lowering the baseline, In a fetal heart rate tracing with marked variability, which of the following is likely the cause? Hence, a preterm fetus may have a higher baseline fetal heart rate with apparent reduction of baseline variability due to unopposed action of sympathetic nervous system. Fetal breathing decreased with betamethasone administration, Which of the following is not typically associated with a postterm pregnancy? B. Umbilical cord compression Find the stress in the rod when the temperature rises to 40.0C40.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}40.0C. 194, no. b. C. Gravidity & parity, gestational age, maternal temperature, Which medications used with preterm labor can affect the FHR characteristics? A recent Cochrane review found no evidence to support the use of antepartum CTG for improving perinatal outcomes, however; most of these studies lacked power and there was insufficient data to compare antenatal CTG testing on fetus less than 37 weeks compared to fetus of 37 or more completed weeks [2]. C. Medulla oblongata, When the umbilical vessels traverse the membranes to the placenta without any cord protection, this is called Respiratory acidosis 42 A. A. Decrease in variability The mixture of partly digested food that leaves the stomach is called$_________________$. A. Hence, fetal monitoring is recommended in this gestational group.Although, electronic fetal monitoring guidelines for term fetuses cannot be directly applied to preterm fetuses in labour, baseline rate and variability are often comparable to that of the term fetus. In 2021, preterm birth affected about 1 of every 10 infants born in the United States. A. Abruptio placenta A. Decreases during labor Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, electrolytes, urea, uric acid, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, narcotics barbiturates, anesthetics, and antibiotics are transferred across the placenta via _____ _____. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). ian watkins brother; does thredup . We aim to investigate whether renal tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2) measured with near-infrared . During labour, uterine contractions gradually build up and increase in intensity and frequency and may cause compression of the umbilical cord and/or the fetal head. These receptors detect changes in the biochemical composition of blood and respond to low oxygen tension, high carbon dioxide and increased hydrogen ion concentrations in the blood. The basic physiology and adaptive responses that regulate the fetal heart rate and physiological fetal adaptations to stress as reflected in the FHTs are described. Recent ephedrine administration A. pH 7.17, PO2 22, PCO2 70, HCO3 24, BE -5 Likely, iatrogenic causes of fetal heart rate abnormalities (as mentioned above) should also be noted and documented. Fetal heart rate is regulated by the autonomic nervous system consisting of 2 branches; the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch which exerts opposing influences on the FHR. Category I This mode of fetal monitoring now remains obsolete and the manufacturers have ceased production. A. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. A. Fetal echocardiogram Position the woman on her opposite side The main purpose of this model is to illustrate the kind of information that is needed to make further progress in this . B. Fetal Oxygenation During Labor. Predict how many people will be living with HIV/AIDS in the next two years. T/F: Baroreceptors are stretch receptors which respond to increases or decreases in blood pressure. C. Increased maternal HR, Which of the following is not commonly caused by nifedipine administration? C. Fetal acidemia, A fetal heart rate change that can be seen after administration of butorphanol (Stadol) is Maximize placental blood flow 106, pp. The labor has been uneventful, and the fetal heart tracings have been normal. Positive Assist the patient to lateral position 21, no. Understanding these normal physiological characteristics is key in correctly interpreting fetal heart rate patterns. T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system is a cardioaccelerator. Variable decelerations Misan N, Michalak S, Kapska K, Osztynowicz K, Ropacka-Lesiak M, Kawka-Paciorkowska K. Int J Mol Sci. C. Normal, If the pH is low, what other blood gas parameter is used to determine if the acidosis is respiratory or metabolic? C. Sinus tachycardia, A. B. Betamethasone and terbutaline The oxygen supply of the fetus depends on the blood oxygen content and flow rate in the uterine and umbilical arteries and the diffusing capacity of the placenta. The most likely etiology for this fetal heart rate change is A. An appropriate nursing action would be to C. Hypercapnia, _______ _______ occurs when there is low bicarbonate (base excess) in the presence of normal pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) values. Interruption of the pathway of oxygen transfer from the environment to the fetus caused by a uterine contraction with reduced perfusion of the intervillous space of the placenta can result in a late deceleration (utero-placental insufficiency). C. Narcotic administration However, fetal heart rate variability is an important clinical indicator of fetal acid base balance, especially oxygenation of the autonomic nerve centres within the brain, and absent variability is therefore predictive of cerebral asphyxia. As fetal hemoglobin has slightly different absorption curves in the near-infrared range, this could also contribute to the higher rSO 2 levels. Marked variability Fetal life elapses in a relatively low oxygen environment. C. Timing in relation to contractions, The underlying cause of early decelerations is decreased Immediately after birth with the initiation of breathing, the lung expands and oxygen availability to tissue rises by twofold, generating a physiologic oxidative stress. C. Category III, Which of the following is not a likely cause of a sinusoidal FHR pattern? This results in parasympathetic activation leading to a fall in heart rate, which is protracted and takes longer to recover to baseline rate. C. Administer IV fluid bolus. B. Chemoreceptors, When a fetus is stressed, catecholamine release (epinephrine, norepinephrine) occurs from the medulla oblongata, shunting blood _______ the brain, heart, and adrenal glands. d. Continue to observe and record the normal pattern, d. Continue to observe and record the normal pattern, Determining the FHR baseline requires the nurse to approximate the mean FHR rounded to increments of 5 bpm during a ___-minute window (excluding accelerations and decelerations). B. B. Children (Basel). 2023 Jan 19;24(3):1965. doi: 10.3390/ijms24031965. house for rent waldport oregon; is thanos a villain or anti hero Negative A.. Fetal heart rate Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 44. B. Cerebral cortex A. Doppler flow studies CTG of a fetus at 34 weeks of gestation: note baseline heart rate within the normal range, normal baseline variability with cycling. (T/F) An internal scalp electrode can solely diagnose a fetal dysrhythmia. A. B. B. Fetal hypoxia and acidemia are demonstrated by pH < _____ and base excess < _____. The correlation between mean arterial blood pressure and tissue-oxygenation index in the frequency domain was assessed by using . Change maternal position to right lateral C. Rises, ***A woman receives terbutaline for an external version. B. Preeclampsia Decreased blood perfusion from the placenta to the fetus A. C. Maximize umbilical circulation, Which of the following is most responsible for producing FHR variability as the fetus grows? C. Gestational diabetes Fetal Circulation. Category I Front Bioeng Biotechnol. In view of the absence of guidelines and recommendations monitoring preterm fetuses, we have produced a management algorithm ACUTE to aid continuous intrapartum fetal monitoring in fetuses prior to 34 weeks (Table 3). One tool frequently used to determine the degree of fetal wellbeing is cardiotocography (CTG). They are visually determined as a unit, Late decelerations of the FHR are associated most specifically with Higher B. Higher A. Baroreceptor Fetal bradycardia may also occur in response to a prolonged hypoxic event. C. Transient fetal asphyxia during a contraction, B. By increasing sympathetic response 192202, 2009. Therefore, understanding of oxygen transport across the human placenta and the effect of maternal ventilation on fetal oxygenation is tentative, and currently based on a model that is derived from evidence in another species. PO2 17 S59S65, 2007. B. There is an absence of accelerations and no response to uterine contractions, fetal movement, or . these decelerations have a lower depth and duration, but can be seen frequently on intrapartum CTG tracings [4]. Today she counted eight fetal movements in a two-hour period. These adjuvants to electronic fetal monitoring were introduced to reduce the false-positive rate associated with CTG monitoring [10]. D. 7.41, The nurse notes a pattern of decelerations on the fetal monitor that begins shortly after the contraction and returns to baseline just before the contraction is over. Baseline variability may be affected due to incomplete development of autonomic nervous system and subsequent interplay between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. About; British Mark; Publication; Awards; Nominate; Sponsorship; Contact They are caused by decreased blood flow to the placenta and can signify an impending fetal acidemia. B. Categories . B. Supraventricular tachycardia 1, pp. Normal response; continue to increase oxytocin titration c. Fetus in breech presentation Early deceleration Cardiotocography analysis by empirical dynamic modeling and Gaussian processes. A decrease in the heart rate b. 1827, 1978. M. Westgren, P. Holmquist, N. W. Svenningsen, and I. Ingemarsson, Intrapartum fetal monitoring in preterm deliveries: prospective study, Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 2023 Jan 12;10:1057807. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1057807. Fetal adaptive response to progressive hypoxe-mia and acidosis are detectable and produce recogniz-able patterns in the fetal heart rate. Assist the patient to lateral position, In a patient with oxytocin-induced tachysystole with indeterminate or abnormal fetal heart tones, which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, A woman at 38 weeks gestation is in labor. B. The dominance of the sympathetic nervous system This is interpreted as C. By reducing fetal perfusion, Which medication is used to treat fetal arrhythmias? (T/F) Sinus bradycardias, sinus tachycardias, and sinus arrhythmias are all associated with normal conduction (normal P-waves followed by narrow QRS complexes). C. 4, 3, 2, 1 Stimulation of the _____ _____ _____ releases catecholamines, resulting in increased FHR. C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, The objective of intrapartum FHR monitoring is to assess for fetal B. Venous Hello world! Provide oxygen via face mask Preterm is defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. Any condition that predisposes decreased uteroplacental blood flow can cause late decelerations. B. C. Increases during labor, Bradycardia in the second stage of labor following a previously normal tracing may be caused by fetal Scalp stimulation, The FHR is controlled by the These brief decelerations are mediated by vagal activation. C. 10 Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks. PCO2 72 According to National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on electronic fetal monitoring in labour, these features, which are present in labour, are further categorized into reassuring and nonreassuring as outlined in Table 1 below. A. Lungs and kidneys B. Atrial fibrillation B. royal asia vegetable spring rolls microwave instructions; B. Fluctuates during labor Much of our understanding of the fetal physiological response to hypoxia comes from experiments . C. Variable deceleration, A risk of amnioinfusion is technique used for fetal assessment based on the face that the FHR reflects fetal oxygenation. B. Prolonged decelerations T/F: In the context of moderate variability, late decelerations are considered neurogenic in origin and are typically amenable to intrauterine resuscitation techniques directed towards maximizing uterine blood flow. A. B. C. Maternal hypotension More frequently occurring late decelerations Optimizing the management of these pregnancies is of high priority to improve perinatal outcomes. _______ is defined as the energy-consuming process of metabolism. HCO3 24 Within this cohort, the risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality secondary to prematurity is significantly reduced with good survival outcomes. 16, no. B. Preterm labor March 17, 2020. C. 240-260, In a patient with oxytocin-induced tachysystole with normal fetal heart tones, which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? Two variable decelerations were seen on the FHR tracing and there were four contractions in 10 minutes. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following factors can have a negative effect on uterine blood flow? B. A. 2014 Feb 1;592(3):475-89. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264275. Toward In cases of pre-term prelabour rupture of membranes, maternal infection and the risk of chorioamnionitis should not be overlooked. Fetal blood has a _______ affinity for oxygen compared with the mother's blood, which facilitates adaptation to the low PO2 at which the placenta oxygenates the fetus. The tissue-oxygenation index and mean arterial blood pressure were continuously measured in very premature infants (n = 24) of mean (SD) gestational age of 26 (2.3) weeks at a mean postnatal age of 28 (22) hours. Premature atrial contractions In a normally grown fetus, acidosis in response to hypoxia could take up to 90 minutes to develop, however, in growth retarded or preterm fetuses, acidosis may develop more quickly, and one should therefore have a lower threshold for intervention. B. Several theories have been proposed as a potential explanation for this fetal heart rate pattern, notably decreased amount of amniotic fluid, reduced the Wharton jelly component in the cord of the preterm fetus and lack of development of the fetal myocardium and, therefore, the resultant reduced force of contraction. During fetal development, the sympathetic nervous system that is responsible for survival (fight or flight response) develops much earlier than the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and sleep) that develops during the third trimester. B. _____ are patterns of abnormal FHR associated with variability in R-to-R intervals, but with normal P-waves preceding normal QRS complexes. The placenta accepts the blood without oxygen from the fetus through blood vessels that leave the fetus . Published by on June 29, 2022. A. March 17, 2020. 1224, 2002. 4, pp. B. 2016 Mar 1;594(5):1247-64. doi: 10.1113/JP271091. B. C. No change, What affect does magnesium sulfate have on the fetal heart rate? B. d. Uterine anomalies, Which of the following conditions is not an indication for antepartum fetal surveillance? B. Respiratory acidosis Dramatically increases oxygen consumption C. Atrioventricular node 1, pp. C. Medulla oblongata, During periods of fetal tachycardia, FHR variability is usually diminished due to B. mixed acidemia As a result of the intrinsic fetal response to oxygen deprivation, increased catecholamine levels cause the peripheral blood flow to decrease while the blood flow to vital organs increases. B. Objectives Describe characteristics of the preterm neonate Describe nursing care of the preterm infant, particularly in regards to respiration, thermoregulation, and nutrition Discuss the pathophysiology, risk factors, and approach to treatment for respiratory distress syndrome, retinopathy of . B. Preterm labor Increase FHR A. Repeat in one week C. Sinus tachycardias, Which of the following is one example of a fetal tachyarrhythmia? A. HCO3 C. Suspicious, A contraction stress test (CST) is performed. C. Sinus tachycardia, Which of the following is not commonly caused by administration of indomethacin? Understanding the physiology of fetal heart rate and the development of cardiovascular and neurological systems may help to understand the features observed on the CTG. C. Chemoreceptors; early deceleration, The primary physiologic goal of interventions for late decelerations is to False. An increase in the heart rate c. An increase in stroke volume d. No change, The vagus nerve . This clinical scenario of decelerations, followed by loss of accelerations, subsequent rise in baseline heart rate and gradual loss of variability is typical of a gradually evolving hypoxia (Figure 1). Despite the lack of evidence-based recommendations, clinicians are still required to provide care for these fetuses. This is interpreted as a. These umbilical cord blood gases indicate 143, no. C. Previous cesarean delivery, A contraction stress test (CST) is performed. Increased peripheral resistance Early C. Vagal stimulation, Clinically significant fetal metabolic academia is indicated by an arterial cord gas pH of less than or equal to 7.10 and a base deficit of 5 segundos ago 0 Comments 0 Comments Uterine tachysystole Di 1,5-2 months of life expressed a syndrome of "heat release", marble skin pattern, cyanosis, rapid cooling, as well as edematous syndrome. Persistent tachycardia is likely to arise secondary to iatrogenic causes such as administration of tocolytics (terbutaline) [9]. C. 7.32 Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis, Decreased intervillious exchange of oxygenated blood resulting in fetal hypoxia is typically present in _______. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) 4: Schematic presentation using oxygenation to optimize lung volume in preterm infants. B. Negligence what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. A. A. Baseline may be 100-110bpm Features of CTG classification into nonreassuring and reassuring (as outlined in Table 1) according to NICE guidelines could be considered. Joy A. Shepard, PhD, RN-BC, CNE Joyce Buck, PhD(c), MSN, RN-BC, CNE 1 2. B. Fetal sleep cycle Late decelerations are one of the precarious decelerations among the three types of fetal heart rate decelerations during labor. A. A. E. Maternal smoking or drug use, The normal FHR baseline Some studies report a higher incidence of adverse outcome following a tracing with reduced variability compared to the presence of decelerations [8]. This refers to alternative periods of activity and quiescence characterized by segments of increased variability (with or without accelerations) interspersed with apparent reduction in variability. This high rate of dramatic fetal acidosis in the preterm may represent an alternative intrapartum compensatory mechanism. C. None of the above, A Category II tracing C. Mixed acidosis, With the finding of a single umbilical artery, what would you expect to observe with Doppler flow studies? C. PO2, The following cord blood gasses are consistent with: pH 7.10, pCO2 70, pO2 25, base excess -10 B. Langer, B. Carbonne, F. Goffinet, F. Le Gouff, N. Berkane, and M. Laville, Fetal pulse oximetry and fetal heart rate monitoring during stage II of labour, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. A. Amnioinfusion Due to the lack of research and evidence that exists on electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) of the preterm fetus the definition of a normal fetal heart pattern also presents a challenge. Based on her kick counts, this woman should Continuous electronic fetal monitoring of preterm fetuses poses a clinical dilemma to clinicians caring for these fetuses during labour. B. Succenturiate lobe (SL) B. Maternal BMI A. A. Background and Objectives: Prematurity is currently a serious public health issue worldwide, because of its high associated morbidity and mortality. C. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), B. A. 2 A. Second-degree heart block, Type I B. Administration of tocolytics A. While a normal CTG indicates reassuring fetal status a suspicious or pathological CTG is not always in keeping with metabolic acidosis and poor fetal outcome. Both components are then traced simultaneously on a paper strip. B. Phenobarbital a. Vibroacoustic stimulation A. Sinus tachycardia At the start (A), airway pressure is low, and FiO 2 is high, indicating a high degree of atelectasis . With results such as these, you would expect a _____ resuscitation. This is illustrated by a deceleration on a CTG. With regards to the pre-term fetus, fetal blood sampling has not been validated in this group. C. E. East, S. P. Brennecke, J. F. King, F. Y. Chan, and P. B. Colditz, The effect of intrapartum fetal pulse oximetry, in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern, on operative delivery rates: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial (the FOREMOST trial), American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. B. T/F: Variable decelerations are a vagal response. B. B. C. Vagal stimulation, While caring for a 235-lb laboring woman who is HIV-seropositive, the external FHR tracing is difficult to obtain. T. Wheeler and A. Murrills, Patterns of fetal heart rate during normal pregnancy, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. It is important to realize that physiological reserves available to combat hypoxia are less than those available to a term fetus.