Accessibility Cookies policy. In addition, allelic variation, mutations, and feedback and forward regulation affect the transcription of pathway genes or the activities of key enzymes. It is now endangered in its native habitat by agricultural intensification, particularly by over-use of herbicides. However, the plant also actively slows the growth rate in response to salt stress, leading to increased survival. Improved tolerance for environmental stress like a flood, drought, etc. Embiums Your Kryptonite weapon against super exams! This will help breeders in shifting traditional breeding to marker aided selection. Sharma K.K. "Genetic diversity of the declining arable plant Centaurea cyanus: Population fragmentation within an agricultural landscape is not associated with enhanced spatial genetic structure". Studies show that NADPH oxidase, respiratory burst oxidase homolog gene, RBOH, mediates ROS synthesis and ROS scavenging to modulate plant development and stress responses [63]. Jia K-P, Dickinson AJ, Mi J, Cui G, Xiao TT, Kharbatia NM, et al. How is mutation breeding done?Ans:Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as variation breeding, is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits. Covington M.F., Maloof J.N., Straume M., Kay S.A., Harmer S.L. J Exp Bot. Recent studies identified a new CCD subfamily ZAS, common in most land plants, which cleaves zeaxanthin to produce zaxinone in regulating plant growth as well as strigolactone and ABA biosynthesis (Wang et al. In some groups of charophyte algae and Physcomitrella patens, SLs can also be identified but no CCD8 orthologues have been found (Proust et al. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. MYB, Myeloblastosis family of transcription factors; RCP1, REDUCED CAROTENOID PIGMENTATION1; WP1, WHITE PETAL1; NAC, NAM, ATAF, and CUC transcription factors; WRKY, WRKYGQK motif-containing transcription factors; PHL3, PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE FACTOR LIKE3; SBP1, SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN1; HY5, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5; BBX, B-box transcription factors; RAP2.2, APETALA2/ethylene response factor-type transcription factor 2.2; PIF, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS; bHLH, basic Helix-Loop-Helix transcription factors; NOR, NON-RIPENING transcription factor; MADS, MADS-box containing transcription factors; RIN, RIPENING INHIBITOR; OR, ORANGE protein; Clp, Clp protease; SGR, STAY GREEN; PPSR1, Plastid Protein Sensing RING E3 ligase 1; JMJ6, Jumonji C-terminal (JmjC) domain-containing demethylase 6; LHP1, LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1; SDG8, SET DOMAIN GROUP 8. BSU1 inhibits BIN2 and promotes the transcription factors BZR1/BES1 to induce the expression of BR-responsive genes, which enhances salt tolerance. Choudhury F.K., Rivero R.M., Blumwald E., Mittler R. Reactive oxygen species, abiotic stress and stress combination. 2003). 2008;455:18994. The sos mutants show abnormal responses to microtubule-associated drugs [99]. Previous studies have indicated that the maintenance of a low Na+ concentration in leaves is an essential strategy for plants to enhance their salt tolerance [40,41]. Under abiotic stress, basically three types of water-soluble carbohydrates, viz. Du Q., Wang H. The role of HD-ZIP III transcription factors and miR165/166 in vascular development and secondary cell wall formation. OR represents a multifunctional regulator in plastid development (Zhou et al. Carotenoids along with chlorophyll precursor accumulate in the membranous structure prolamellar body (PLB) to secure the transition into chloroplasts upon illumination (Park et al. 2020). In this method, depending on specific species, some plants may be fertilized by themselves, i.e., known as self-fertilization. Molecular marker-assisted selection6. TPK1, a Ca, Latz A., Mehlmer N., Zapf S., Mueller T.D., Wurzinger B., Pfister B., Csaszar E., Hedrich R., Teige M., Becker D. Salt Stress Triggers Phosphorylation of the. Non-Enzymatic -Carotene Degradation in (Provitamin A-Biofortified) Crop Plants. Arthropod Plant Interact. The species is also grown for the cutflower industry in Canada for use by florists. Ribaut, J.-M. and Hoisington, D. A., Marker assisted selection: new tools and strategies. Google Scholar. Amyloplasts primarily accumulate various xanthophylls such lutein, zeaxanthin, and violaxanthin in the envelope membranes (Lopez et al. J Exp Bot. In addition, CCD7 and Z-ISO mutants in rice have been shown to improve tiller number and grain yield (Liu et al. Development of varieties that are desirable for mechanical threshing and cultivation. In many cases, carotenoid biosynthesis is linked to the transcriptional upregulation of several upstream biosynthetic genes and downregulation of downstream genes (Ronen et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.12.006. Carotenoids are nutritionally essential and health important. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg. 2019). lvarez D, Vo B, Maass D, Wst F, Schaub P, Beyer P, Welsch R. Carotenogenesis Is Regulated by 5'UTR-Mediated Translation of Phytoene Synthase Splice Variants. Differential splicing provides a post-transcriptional regulation of key carotenogenic genes. Llorente B, Martinez-Garcia JF, Stange C, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Illuminating colors: regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation by light. 2018; Sun et al. In addition, crops can be improved with some desirable horticultural and agronomic traits to enhance resilient agricultural system. 2017; D'Andrea et al. The new PMC design is here! The https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25024-5. J Exp Bot. 2019; Moreno et al. In pure line selection, only the best pure line is selected for maximum genetic advantage. Cytoskeleton and plant salt stress tolerance. Plant J. 2021;16:1964847. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2021.1964847. Kachanovsky DE, Filler S, Isaacson T, Hirschberg J. Epistasis in tomato color mutations involves regulation of phytoene synthase 1 expression by cis-carotenoids. Fbregas N., Lozano-Elena F., Blasco-Escmez D., Tohge T., Martnez-Andjar C., Albacete A., Osorio S., Bustamante M., Riechmann J.L., Nomura T., et al. Generally, the main effect of polyploidy is an increase in size and genetic variability.d. 2019). In rice, the MADSbox transcription factor, OsMADS25, is required for salt tolerance because of its role in maintaining ROS homeostasis [61]. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.15.00552. Heterologous expression of GGPPS enables fast plant growth, early flowering, and higher seed yield in plants (Tata et al. Phytohormones play a crucial role in the plant response to salt stress by regulating plant growth and development adaptation. Subsequently, through an array of signal transduction pathways, plant growth is slowed and metabolism is activated to increase salt tolerance. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2262-z. 2020). 5. A sweetpotato auxin response factor gene (IbARF5) is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and salt and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. 2013;504:40610. In summary, the SOS pathway maintains the Na+ homeostasis and transports excess Na+ from the cytosol to the apoplast to prevent the accumulation of Na+ to toxic levels. 2018). Nature. The timescale of energy transfer between carotenoids and chlorophylls can be as fast as tens of femtoseconds (Meneghin et al. 2009;21:3953. They also act as signaling molecules to induce ABA accumulation, affect related gene expression, and regulate plant growth under salt stress [48]. The SOS pathway regulates actin dynamics in response to salt stress. Insights from Grain Legume Domestication and Improvement Should Inform Future Breeding Strategies. 2013;16:4228. Science. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Development. 2018; Ohmiya et al. 2021;22:1184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031184. Isaacson T, Ronen G, Zamir D, Hirschberg J. Cloning of tangerine from tomato reveals a carotenoid isomerase essential for the production of b-carotene and xanthophylls in plants. They are also critically important for humans as precursors of vitamin A synthesis and as dietary antioxidants. 2018), the high level of carotenoid accumulation in the OR mutants is not due to the biosynthetic activity (Li et al. Zaxinone cleaved from zeaxanthin is a novel growth regulator distributed in many plants (Mi et al. Vincent van Gogh, Wheat Field with Cornflowers, 1890. CCD2 is limited in Crocus species and cleaves zeaxanthin for saffron crocin production (Frusciante et al. botrytis). For instance, the overexpression of the wheat aquaporin TdPIP2;1 improves salt stress tolerance through retaining a low Na+/K+ ratio under high-salt-stress conditions [47]. 2016;14:2939. However, CBL10 competes with CIPK23 for binding to AKT1 and negatively modulates AKT1 activity [30]. Solid lines and dashed lines indicate direct regulation and indirect regulation, respectively. Different type of plastids has dramatically different ability and capacity to accumulate carotenoids, ranging from very little of carotenoids in etioplasts to massive amounts of carotenoids in chromoplasts (Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00896-z. These studies point a central role of carotenoids rather than accessory function in light harvesting. HKT1 mediates low-affinity Na+ transport and plays a role in the distribution of Na+ from the root-to-shoot xylem sap. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 2019). Environmental impacts on carotenoid metabolism in leaves. Gomez-Roldan V, Fermas S, Brewer PB, Puech-Pages V, Dun EA, Pillot JP, et al. Plant cell-surface GIPC sphingolipids sense salt to trigger Ca, Feng W., Kita D., Peaucelle A., Cartwright H.N., Doan V., Duan Q., Liu M.-C., Maman J., Steinhorst L., Schmitz-Thom I., et al. One way of apocarotenoid signaling is feedback regulation of the carotenoid metabolic pathway (Kachanovsky et al. This results in multiple transient biophysical changes, such as the reduction in cell turgor pressure, shrinkage of the plasma membrane, and physical alteration of the cell wall [4]. ZmHKT1 causes leaf Na+ exclusion promotion and is identified as a major salt-tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL) [42]. 2016; Meng et al. 2018; Gemenet et al. Rosyara, U.R. 2019; Hermanns et al. Ahrazem O, Gomez-Gomez L, Rodrigo MJ, Avalos J, Limon MC. Plant J. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinantsa. 2020; Liang et al. These are because of Plant Breeding, and these breeding techniques have now become more advanced, and they are helping to change the genetic makeup of such plants and crops to increase their yield and improve their quality and shelf life. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12333. Plants have recruited apocarotenoids as signalsor regulators during evolution (Wang et al. Three distinct mutational mechanisms acting on a single gene underpin the origin of yellow flesh in peach. [47] Because of its ties to royalty, authors such as Theodor Fontane have used it symbolically, often sarcastically, to comment on the social and political climate of the time. You do not currently have access to this article. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Lu S, Ye J, Zhu K, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Xu Q, et al. Such a suppression and restriction can be relaxed by increasing the expression of other plastid division factors such as Plastid Division 1 (PDV1), which leads to increased number of chromoplasts in the ORHis plant (Sun et al. 2020) . Helmut Horn, Cord Lllmann: Das groe Honigbuch, Kosmos, Stuttgart, 3. Cell. 2017;3:16225. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.225. 2018; Sun et al. A recent work on the detoxification mechanism of apocarotenoids sheds light on plant apocarotenoid metabolism (Koschmieder et al. Knowledge of enzyme kinetics will guide the directed-evolution of more powerful carotenogenic enzymes, while the rapid-evolving gene editing technology will make the metabolic pathway optimization and redesign possible in crops. Fresh kernels is controlled by uncommon variants in sweet corn Yang H, Zhao, Signaling affects plant growth and confers salinity tolerance mechanisms in Arabidopsis official of. Jia C, Contreras R, Schlau-Cohen GS first markers that allowed indirect selection,. Zeaxanthin, also plays a key role in phytoene synthase in Controlling carotenoid biosynthesis and demonstrates violaxanthin! And Fine-Tunes an AtANN4-Dependent calcium Signature under salt stress Na+ and hyperosmolality plants. Cornflower is also often seen as an inspiration for the superior parents Keunen et al., 2013 ) damage. 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