A Whittekar B Carl woese C Linnaeus D Aristotle Advertisement An embryo stage is present except in algal group. From the data we can calculate simple matching coefficient, by counting the number of character states for each character in common between two OTUs, and dividing this number by the total number of characters used. For classification purposes, organisms are usually organized into subspecies, species, genera, families and higher orders. Differential staining of bacteria on Gram staining is due to. 6. MycoplasmaD. Different taxa are then arranged in a hierarchical manner starting from lower to higher ranks that is: Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum/Division Kingdom Domain This ordered arrangement of various taxa is called taxonomic hierarchy. Any change in the environmental pH may either Most natural enhance or inhibit habitats the enzyme (extremes: pH 4.6- 9.4) activity. The scientific name of an organism, when cited in any text, is always mentioned as in italics or underlined font style. In double- stranded DNA three hydrogen bonds join GC base pairs, and two bonds connect AT base pairs. In microbiology, the basic unit of classification is a strain. When a DNA sample is slowly heated, the absorbance increases as hydrogen bonds are broken and reaches a plateau when all the DNA has become single stranded . Kingdom Fungi Animalia. It was he who popularized the binomial nomenclature that is the modern scientific way of naming organisms. 5. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 90 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 91 16S rRNA, Sequence Conservation Level nearly universal intermediate hypervariable 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 92 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 93 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) :Fluorescent dyelabeled RNA or DNA probes are used to stain microorganisms in place, or in situ. In order to classify these microorganisms, Ernst H. Haeckel in 1866 proposed a three- kingdom classification in which he added a new kingdom Protista. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 84 The higher the melting temperature, the greater the guanine-cytosine (GC) content of the DNA. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 94 8. Microbial Diversity In The Genomic Era written by Surajit Das and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-20 with Medical categories. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 39 Type culture collection center NCIB: National Collection of Industrial Bacteria, Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 11 However, invention of microscope in 16th century made it possible to explore the living world, which was not earlier possible to explore through human-naked-eyes. Cell wall Flagella Ribosomes Capsule 2. Special cellular structures 6. 1. Class-order-division-family-species-tribe, c) L. acidophilus AGCGGAGAGC L. plantarum ACGUUAGAGC. The midpoint of the rising curve gives the melting temperature, a direct measure of the G + C content. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so don't worry about it. Thus the pattern of DNA fragments generated by endonuclease cleavage (called restriction fragments) is a direct representation of nucleotide sequence. 3 types of Systematics/Taxonomy Evolutionary Systematics Grouping organisms that resemble ancestors Numerical Taxonomy Used mathematical models to group organisms according to overall similarities Phylogenetic Classification System: Groups reflect genetic similarity and evolutionary relatedness, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 5 Identification. the present review provides an overview of taxonomy tools for understanding prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial diversity, the first section covers the spatial and temporal distribution of. Starch hydrolysis test 11. A major difficulty is to choose a procedure for the purpose and the number of characters needed in order to obtain satisfactory results. We enrolled 51 healthy volunteers (26 female, mean . Therefore in other words, taxonomy is related to nomenclature, classification and phylogeny of organisms. It involves separating living organisms (and fossil forms of preexisting . Red and brown algae placed in kingdom Plantae are not related to other members. 250+ TOP MCQs on Bacterial Taxonomy and Answers Life Sciences Multiple Choice Questions on "Bacterial Taxonomy". Amino Acid Sequencing There are several ways to compare proteins. The simplest method detects the presence of bacteria by detecting the difference in electrical conductivity between cells and the surrounding medium. what do you use to calculate species diversity? Motility Agar 12. The G + C content of strains within a particular species is constant. For example, cytochrome c protein, a component of electron transport chain occurring in mitochondria; rbcl gene, encoding rubisco enzyme present in chloroplast and small subunit ribosomal RNAs (SSUrRNAs) are very useful in such studies. Sexual reproduction is absent and asexual reproduction may take place through fission, fragmentation,12/10/2019 budding and sporulation. Cell shape & arrangement 4. 5. Required fields are marked *. They lack true nuclei and other membrane bound organelles such as mitochondrion, chloroplast, Golgi bodies, lysosomes etc. Endospore formation takes place sometimes due to lack of nutrients thus these and survive without nutrients. Species are identified by comparison with known type strains: well-characterized pure cultures; references for the identification of unknowns. Many intermediate or transitional forms occur in unicellular eukaryotes, which had been included both amongst plants and animals. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 3 Aims of Taxonomy, Classification of organisms Show relationships among organisms Way to provide universal identification of an organism. Characters used in microbial taxonomy (morphological, physiological, ecological, genetics protein content, nucleic acid sequence and base composition). 7. A sample with a highly-repetitive sequence will renature rapidly, while complex sequences will renature slowly. Taxonomy unlike natural sciences such as Botany, Zoology, Physics, Chemistry, etc. Textbook of Microbiology By Surender Kumar, Dr Diptendu Sarkar [emailprotected] RKMV TAXONOMY: THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION From ancient Greek words: Taxis meaning Arrangement and Nomia meaning Method. This yields a table of similarities (similarity matrix) based on the chosen set of characteristics. 3. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 88 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 89 More distantly related organisms can be compared by carrying out DNA- RNA hybridization experiments , using radioactive ribosomal or transfer RNA. A grid is drawn on the base of the petri dish to mark out different regions. What is sarcinae?A. Thus the signature sequences found in Bacteria are rarely or never found in Archaeaand vice versa. Carlo UrbaniB. Note when energy and additional compounds are necessary for any of these mechanisms to operate. In a flow cytometer, a moving fluid containing bacteria is forced through a small opening . In phenogram, the vertical lines indicating groups or clusters of OTUs are based on the coefficients of association. Copyright 2022 eBooks Links All Rights Reserved. Shape of DNA B. Paper II. Majority of them are unicellular but some may be colonial in form. In this new kingdom he included all simple microscopic living organisms such as bacteria, microalgae, protozoa, fungi and sponges. One is nomenclature, which is the naming of bacteria. 12/10/2019 DS/RKMV/MB 64 DICHOTOMOUS KEYS (DICHOTOMOUS MEANS CUT IN TWO). Physiological Characteristics. Life Sciences Multiple Choice Questions on Bacterial Taxonomy. Therefore organisms were arranged into two groups- plants and animals based on easily observable (phenotypic) characteristics. The C0t value is the product of C0 (the initial concentration of DNA), t (time in seconds), and a constant that depends on the concentration of cations in the buffer. cell structure type, degree of cellular organization and mode of nutrition. Fluorescence can be used to detect naturally fluorescent cells, such as Pseudomonas, or cells tagged with fluorescent dyes. Protists in tern gave rise to fungi, plants and animals. It is the group of mostly multicellular or multinucleate achlorophyllous and spore-producing eukaryotic organisms and includes mildews, moulds, yeasts, morals, truffles, mushrooms, rusts etc. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 68 68 Nutritional mode, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 69 Temperature classes of organisms, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 70 12/10/2019 DS/RKMV/MB 71 71 Bacterial growth: pH. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) 2. Only a short sequence of bases is shown for this example. 4. The main key of microbial diversity on earth is due to evolution. The three domains of life currently accepted by most biologists include the . The names of different organisms used in binomial nomenclature system must be derived from Latin or if names to be used are from different languages they must be treated as Latin. Likewise, the 18S rRNA of eucaryotes also bears signature sequences that are specific to the domain Eucarya. taxonomy multiple choice questions and answers Questions Download PDF 1 Which one of the following is NOT covered under Taxonomy? Phage typing is a method used for detecting single strains of bacteria. The sequences of proteins with dissimilar functions often change at different rates; some sequences change quite rapidly, whereas others are very stable. Each lane of the gel corresponds to a single bacterial isolate, and the pattern created by many samples resembles a UPC bar code. If two organisms differ in their G + C content by more than about 10%, their genomes have quite different base sequences. Strict statistical criteria can then be applied to determine how related a pair of species should be to occur in the same genus, same family, etc. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 23 Demerits of Five kingdom system. 5. Nucleic acid hybridization The similarity between genomes can be compared more directly by use of nucleic acid hybridization studies. Incubation of the mixture at 30 to 50C below the Tm, allows hybrids of more diverse ssDNAs to form. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 109 Cladograms Cladograms are maps, that show evolutionary relationships among organisms (clado- means branch). 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 80 5. Number of chromosomes C. A prokaryotic cell is similar to a eukaryotic organelle D. Cell wall Answer: C Square shapeC. Phylogenies have two components: branching order (showing group relationships) and branch length (showing amount of evolution). Number of chromosomesC. Inoculation of each square of the grid is done by a different phage. 3. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 21 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (INVEERTEBRATE AND VERTEBRATE ANIMALS):CHARACTERISTICS 1. This system of classification was called two-kingdom classification and it was followed for a very long period in history of biological sciences. These phages are used to identify different strains of bacteria within a single species. Mycoplasmas Amoeba E.coli Spheroplast Also Read: Microbiology 3. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 14 Figure: Whittakers five-kingdom classification based on complexity of cell, cellular organization, mode of nutrition and ecological role played, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 15 Major criteria on which five-kingdom classification is based, CRITERION MONERA PROTISTA PLANTAE FUNGI ANIMALIA, Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic, Cellular Unicellular Unicellular Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular organization Nutrition Variable- phototrophic/hete Autotrophic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic mode phototrophic/heterotr rotrophic (photosynthesis) (Absorption) (ingestion) ophic/ chemoautotrophic Reproduction Asexual Asexual or sexual Asexual or sexual Asexual or sexual Sexual with without embryo with or without with spore embryo stage stage embryo stage Ecological role Variable Variable Producer Decomposer Consumer, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 16 The Living Being: Five Kingdom system, 1. Taxonomy can be separated into three major areas of activity. 1. Woese. Which of the following So, whatever information was available it was about visible macro-organisms. 4. There are different codes of nomenclature for different groups of organisms for example, naming of bacteria, animals and plants is governed by International Code for Nomenclature for Bacteria (ICNB), International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) respectively. Self-replicating entities that preceded the first cell, then evolved ability to infect first cells. \n\n \/div>\n \/div>\n\n \/div>\n \/div>\n "); } $('#quizTopicsModal .modal-body').html(''); $("#quizTopicsModal").modal('show'); \/div>\n \/div>\n\n \/div>\n \/div . Urease test 6. Learn more, 1. Although these keys often have little to do with phylogenetic relationships, theyre invaluable for identification. 250+ TOP MCQs on Bacterial Genome and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Prokaryotic Cells and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Bacterial Nutrition and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Classification System and Answers, 200+ TOP Cell Structure & Compartments MCQs and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells 1 and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Morphology and Fine Bacteria Structure Size, Shape and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells and Answers, 250+ MCQs on Brewing Yeast Taxonomy and Location of Enzymes and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Bacterial Recombination and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Bacterial Transduction and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Replication of Bacterial Viruses and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Various Classes of RNA Have Different Functions 1 and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on D/B Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis, Mistranslation in Protein Synthesis, 300+ TOP Cell Structure & Compartments Objective Questions, 300+ TOP MCQs on Plant Taxonomy and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Quantitative Measurement of Bacterial Growth and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on Bacterial Transformation and Answers, 250+ TOP MCQs on DNA Replication Occurs at the Replication Fork and Answers, 200+ TOP CELL STRUCTURE & COMPARTMENTS Online Quiz Questions Exam Test. This system recognizes the independent lineages of archaebacteria and bacteria and provides their natural classification. Phylum Proteobacteria The largest group of gram-negative bacteria Extremely complex group, with over 400 genera and 1300 named species All major nutritional types are represented: phototrophy, heterotrophy, and several types of chemolithotrophy Sometimes called the purple bacteria, although very few are purple; the term refers to a hypothetical purple photosynthetic bacterium from which the group is believed to have evolved Divided into 5 classes: Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 33 Phylum Proteobacteria (Cont..) Photosynthetic genera such as Rhodospirillum (a purple non-sulfur bacterium) and Chromatium (a purple sulfur bacterium) Sulfur chemolithotrophs, genera Thiobacillus and Beggiatoa Nitrogen chemolithotrophs (nitrifying bacteria), genera Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas Other chemolithotrophs, genera Alcaligenes, Methylobacilllus, Burkholderia, The family Enterobacteriaceae, the gram-negative enteric bacteria, which includes genera Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, and others The family Pseudomonadaceae, which includes genus Pseudomonas and related genera Other medically important Proteobacteria include genera Haemophilus, Vibrio, Camphylobacter, Helicobacter, Rickessia, Brucella, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 34 5. They play ecological role of consumer. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 87 In one of the more widely used hybridization techniques, nylon filters with bound nonradioactive DNA strands, are incubated at the appropriate temperature with ssDNA fragments, made radioactive with 32P, 3H, or 14C. Mark the common feature between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Mycolic acidB. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 6 Nomenclature and Taxonomic Hierarchy. Blood Agar Plates (BAP) : Streak-stab tubes technique 3. The kingdom- Protista is highly heterogeneous group of organisms, which seems to be having polyphylatic evolution. 4. Clinical microbiology laboratories typically will identify a pathogen in a clinical sample: purify the microorganism by plating a single colony of the microorganism on a separate plate, and then perform a series of biochemical studies that will identify the bacterial species. Contains Sodium citrate and bromothymol blue as the indicator. Sometimes the type are lost and new ones have to be set up to replace them. theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-78) a Swedish Botanist known as father of taxonomy is credited for establishment of taxonomy as a separate science. In both rooted and unrooted trees, the lineage bifurcate to produce branches. Obligate acidophilic bacteria: - Archaea Thiobacillus ferrooxidans - often also halophilic Obligate acidophilic - Sometimes: H+ gradient replaced by Na+ gradient Archaea:Sulfolobus, Thermoplasma (motility, energy) Most critical: Biological membrane - industrial applications (especially exoenzymes): + restrict H ions entry -Proteases/lipases for detergents (Bacillus licheniformis) -pH optima of these enzymes: 9-10, 12/10/2019 DS/BC/BTH 103 74 Bacterial growth: Osmosis, Soil: water activity = 0.9 1.0 In general: bacteria normally have higher osmotic pressure than environment = positive water balance, Osmophiles: - grow in presence of high sugar concentration Xerophiles - grow in dehydrated environments, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 76 Bacterial growth: Halophiles, Halophiles: - requirement for Na+ - grow optimally in media with low water activity - Mild: 1-6 % NaCl - Moderate: 6-15 % NaCl most other organisms - extreme: 15 30% NaCl would be dehydrated, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 77 Sensitivity to antibiotics, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 78 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 79 Phage typing. It is the kingdom of all the prokaryotes and includes eubacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and archebacteria. Phylum Crenarchaeota Originally containing thermophylic and hyperthermophilic sulfur- metabolizing archaea Recently discovered Crenarchaeota are inhibited by sulfur & grow at lower temperatures, 2. DNA contains four purine and pyrimidine bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The length of the horizontal lines corresponds to the percent similarity values. Cocci group of bacteriaB. The branches at the tips of the tree called terminal branches, lead to the organisms that are under study. Distant relationships can be detected because rRNA and tRNA genes represent only a small portion of the total DNA genome, and have not evolved as rapidly as most other microbial genes. 4. FISH is used to determine the identity, abundance, and relative activity of microorganisms in an environment and can be used to detect bacteria that have not yet been cultured. 5. 5. 2. E. As a result of this system, the animal and plant kingdom appear more homogenous than they were in two- kingdom system F. Five kingdom system has tried to bring out phytogenetic relationships even amongst the primitive forms hence appear more natural. What is the correct descending sequence of taxonomic categories? Which of the following is NOT the basic shape of the bacteria?A. Gram-negative bacteriaB. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 85 C0t analysis, a technique based on the principles of DNA reassociation kinetics, is a biochemical technique that measures how much repetitive DNA is in a DNA sample such as a genome. MCQ on Taxonomy and Systematics 1. FalseAnswer: BClarification: Bacterial staining is of three types: simple, differential, and specialized. MacConkey agar 8. 6. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 19 KINGDOM FUNGI (THE FUNGI): CHARACTERISTICS. 5. These are approximately 1500bp in length. Under this system, life has been divided into three domains, the Bacteria, the Archaea, 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 27 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 28 Characteristic features of three domains. The technique is similar to that employed for DNA-DNA hybridization: membrane bound DNA is incubated with radioactive rRNA, washed, and counted. 8. Abstract and Figures Taxonomy is an area of biological science which comprises three distinct, but highly interrelated disciplines that include classification, nomenclature and identification.. The most typical strain in a collection is commonly taken as the centrotype. Monera gave rise to protists probably through association of several types of primitive and advanced monerans. After answering one question, the investigator is directed to another question until an organism is identified. It is a group of organisms differing widely with one another except that they all are simple and minute eukaryotes. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 98 10. Two strains whose DNAs show at least 70% relatedness under optimal hybridization conditions, and less than a 5% difference in Tm, often, but not always, are considered members of the same species. If citrate is utilized, alkali is produced which turns the medium to blue. Then we simply determine how many characteristics a pair of species share iii. As probes are developed, FISH can be used to detect bacteria in drinking water or bacteria in a patient without the normal 24-hour or longer wait required to culture the bacteria. The generic name always starts with capital letter and specific name always with small letter. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 51 Bacterial endospores spores can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, for e.g., gamma radiation, heat, pressure, etc. Because strands with similar, but not identical, sequences associate to form less temperature stable dsDNA hybrids. Most of the bacteria are of monomorphic while corynebacterium is pleomorphic and has many shapes. NCYC: National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Nutfield, Surrey, England. C. Fungi have their own unique physiological, biochemical, and structural characteristics and have never been related to plants. Instead, it employs the capacity of restriction endonucleases to recognize specific nucleotide sequences. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 112 Numerical taxonomy or taximetrics or phenetics, Peter H. A. Sneath and Robert Sokal have defined numerical taxonomy as the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units into taxa, on the basis of their character states.. Course: Microbial Diversity and Taxonomy Teaching Scheme (Hrs/Week) Continuous Internal Assessment L T P C CIA-1 CIA-2 4 0 - 4 10 20 Max. Either complete rRNAs or, more often, specific rRNA fragments can be compared. 3. The data must be coded and scaled in an appropriate fashion. The higher the percentage shared, the higher their relatedness iv. microbial taxonomymicrobemagic.ucc.iepresented by:sakshi saxenab.tech (biotech)ivth semasu20130102001241introductiontaxonomy is the science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classification of organisms.classification is the grouping of organisms based on particular characters and is not arranged in hierarchical 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 114 The logical steps in classification based on numerical methods. MycobacteriaB. An example for the artificial The 2nd edition of Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology divides domain Bacteria into 23 phyla. Download Microbial Taxonomy Phylogeny And Biodiversity PDF/ePub, Mobi eBooks by Click Download or Read Online button. The second is classification, which entails the ordering of bacteria into groups based on common prop-erties. understand microbial diversity, species and estimation of various evolution of microbial species. 3. G + C content (Nucleic Acid Base Composition), Microbial genomes can be directly compared, and taxonomic similarity can be estimated in many ways. Nutrition is absorptive heterotrophy where organism secretes digestive enzymes into the substrate and then absorbs the digested food. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer while gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer. 12/10/2019 complementaryDS/MICRO/RKMV sequences. If the sequences of the 16S rRNAs of two organisms are identical, the Sab value is 1.0. The organisms are unicellular, colonial, mycelial and filamentous in form. DS/MICRO/RKMV 42 Biovars: Strains that differ in biochemical or physiological differences Morphovars: Strains that vary in morphology . The steps of constructing cladogram are as follows: 1. It was Michel Adanson, a French botanist, who for the first time put forward a plan for assigning numerical values to the similarity between organisms, as possible for the classification, and such classifications came to be known as Adansonian classifications. Further, fungi although have plant-like features such as immobility, irregular shape and indefinite growth but also posses heterotrophic mode of nutrition, a characteristic feature of animals. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 9 Earlier taxonomists divided the living organisms on the basis of morphological characters, as there was no any sophisticated tool available to study living world. Nitrate Broth 6. On the other hand, it is not safe to assume that organisms with very similar G + C contents also have similar DNA base sequences, because two very different base sequences can be constructed from the same proportions of AT and GC base pairs. The bacterial strains have to be chosen and examined for a number of properties or taxonomic characters. Sucrose fermentation 8. USSER Antibiotic Research Institute, Moscow Indian Type Culture collection (ITCC), Indian agricultural research institute, new Delhi Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. Source: 1. Priest and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories. Taxonomy - Taxonomy may be defined as the science or study of the classification of living organisms. Spirit Blue agar 9. Sometimes the analyses utilize nongenic DNA sequences to ascertain the relationship among organisms. In this classification, cellular organisms have been divided into five kingdoms namely, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. For example, there is a 70% similarity between the sequences for L.brevis and L. acidophilus. Two rRNA sequences are aligned 2. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 25 Among various probable contender macromolecules, that can help in determining the relationship amongst entire living world, rRNA, fits the requirement the most as this form of ribonucleic acid is (a) found uniformly distributed in all the self-replicating cells as one of the basic components of ribosomes; (b) easy to isolate; (c) structurally stable due to its very low mutation rate, therefore, making it an ideal molecule for detecting the relatedness amongst distant species. 5. The structural and functional diversity of any cell represents its evolutionary event which occurred through Darwinian Theory of natural selection. pH5) - Bacteria: Bacillus spp. 4. Phylum Actinobacteria High G + C gram-positive bacteria Includes genera Actinomyces, Streptomyces, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium, 7. Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). The numerical methods are useful in phenetic classifications and not phylogenetic classifications. Such calculations are done all pairs of OTUs, and the resultant figures are depicted next slide in a data matrix of coefficient of association. 9. Although this system is considered to be an advanced system but still objections have been raised against this, which are following. It is used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections. Urease positive pink colour Urease negative yellow colour Positive Proteus, Klebsiella Negative E.coli, Salmonella. The domain Eucarya is divided into four kingdoms by most biologists: Kingdom Protista, including the protozoa and algae Kingdom Fungi, the fungi (molds, yeast, and fleshy fungi) Kingdom Animalia, the multicellular animals Kingdom Plantae, the multicellular plants 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 36 Merits of Carl Woeses system: Since this is most advance system of classification, it has attempted to address various demerits of five-kingdom classification. 12/10/2019 DS/MICRO/RKMV 99 12/10/2019 100 DS/MICRO/RKMV Searching on the web: BLAST at NCBI, Very fast computer dedicated to running BLAST searches, Many databases that are always up to date (e.g. 3. 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