Offerings are also made to the ancestors so that they will bless the family in the future year. Fearing a schism, the established church authorities asked for intervention from the Vatican. Overview. [171], The development of the ritual system also progressed, and in 1875, the Shikibu Roudatsu "Shrine Rituals" was established, unifying the rituals of shrines throughout Japan for the first time[clarification needed]. These included Edo meisho zue by Gekisen Saito, Namiki Gohei's Edo shinbutsu ganken juhouki, and Okayama Tori's Edo meisho e kagarenki, which catalogued and introduced temples and shrines throughout Japan. [118] The Salvation Army has allowed the ordination of women since its beginning in 1865, although it was a hotly disputed topic between William and Catherine Booth. [168], At the 60th GC session in San Antonio on July 8, 2015,[169] Seventh-day Adventists voted not to permit regional church bodies to ordain women pastors. Followers of Shinto take baths, wash their hands, and rinse out their mouths often. [In Edo, the Sanno Matsuri of Hie Shrine, the Nezu Matsuri of Nezu Shrine, and the Kanda Matsuri of Kanda Shrine, also known as the Three Great Festivals of Edo, developed, with the procession of tasteful market stalls and floats, and a costume parade of the Korean envoys and feudal lords, which attracted many spectators. Based on the form of beliefs that had been formed throughout history since the Kofun period, and taking into account elements such as foreign beliefs, the development of ritual systems, shrine buildings, and ritual ceremonies progressed, leading to the systematization of Shinto and the administrative organization of rituals. [180] On the other hand, Kogakukan, which was also established in 1882 within the shrine's Hayashizaki Library by order of the Jingu priest, later became another Shinto university, Kogakukan University. [38][39], Prajdhara is the twenty-seventh Indian Patriarch of Zen Buddhism and is believed to have been a woman. This page was last edited on 29 October 2022, at 14:06. [5][6], In modern times, Shugend is practiced mainly through Tendai and Shingon temples. The Priestess of Hera at Argos served at the Heraion of Argos and enjoyed great prestige in all Greece. [39] From the middle of the Heian period (794-1185) onward, the emperor himself was required to abstain from Buddhist rituals in the inner sanctum and officials were required to abstain from Buddhist rituals during the Saikai period. The ordination of women to ministerial or priestly office is an increasingly common practice among some contemporary major religious groups. The Shinto scholar Okada Chuangji says that the "origin" of Shinto was completed from the Yayoi period to the Kofun period, but as for the timing of the establishment of a systematic Shinto, he says that it is not clear. [172] The Emperor's accession to the throne, accession rituals, the First Rice Festival, and the Rite of the Crown Prince were determined by the Tengoku Order and the Rite of the Crown Prince.[173]. [82], Later, Toke Tsunemasa appeared and argued that the Inner Shrine had served the Outer Shrine before it was enshrined in the Outer Shrine, thus equating the Inner Shrine with the Outer Shrine.[76]. However, they found a metal cane decoration and a sword on the top of the mountain, and it turned out that someone had reached the top before them. The Department of Divinities, which was destroyed by fire during the war, was replaced by the eight temples at the Yoshida Shrine, and the Divinities themselves were not rebuilt. [27] The Temple of Ceres in Rome was surved by the Priestess of Ceres, Sacerdos Cereris, and the Temple of Bona Dea by the Priestess of Bona Dea, Sacerdos Bonae Deae. [207] For this reason, there have been a number of cases of shrines that have no choice but to rent out part of their premises to turn them into condominiums or other buildings in order to protect the shrine. The Church of England appointed female lay readers during the First World War. In the Edo period, which constitutes a large part of the Early modern period in Japan, the Tokugawa shogunate reorganized the administration of shrines, and improvements in security and transportation allowed the common people to visit Ise Grand Shrine Tokugawa shogunate reorganized the administration of shrines, and improvements in security and transportation led to an increase in pilgrimages to Ise Grand Shrine On the other hand, Buddhism, which had attained the status of a state religion, was in a period of stagnation as an ideology. [253][254][255] In 2011 the Tehran Mobeds Anjuman (Anjoman-e-Mobedan) announced that for the first time in the history of Iran and of the Zoroastrian communities worldwide, women had joined the group of mobeds (priests) in Iran as mobedyars (women priests); the women hold official certificates and can perform the lower-rung religious functions and can initiate people into the religion. The early Mito school, which developed until about the 18th century, was a Confucian discipline characterized by a view of history based on the Shuhistory project and Shuko-logic theory of cause and effect, led by Azumi Tanto, Sasamune Jun, Kuriyama Kofo, and Miyake Kanran. In 1998, Gail E. Mengel and Linda L. Booth became the first two women apostles in the Community of Christ. Rosalina Rabaria. [23], In addition, with the growth of the emperor's inner court structure with the relaxation of the Ritsuryo system, a ritual called the public ritual, in which the emperor and his close retainers were directly involved without the involvement of the Shinto priests, and in which the regular rituals of specific shrines with which they had a strong relationship were given a state official character, arose from the late Nara period to the early Heian period. Shinto (Japanese: , romanized: Shint, lit. [73] Roger Gryson asserts that it is difficult to form an idea of the situation which Pope Gelasius opposed and observes that it is regrettable that more details about the situation are not available.[74]. In addition, the mother of Ninigi-no-Mikoto, Manhata Toyokutuzhi-hime, was positioned as a grandson of Toyoke no Mikoto, and Toyoke no Mikoto was incorporated into the line of descendants. The number of shrines with an annual income of less than 3 million yen was about 60%. [21][22], The Romans also had at least two priesthoods that were each held jointly by a married couple, the rex and regina sacrorum, and the flamen and flaminica Dialis. [172] The majority of Witnesses actively preaching from door to door are female. [191], Bhairavi Brahmani is a guru of Sri Ramakrishna. All of life is sacred. The Mariavites were eventually excommunicated by Papal Bull in 1905 and 1906. [237] The first American women to be ordained as cantors in Jewish Renewal after Susan Wehle's ordination were Michal Rubin and Abbe Lyons, both ordained on January 10, 2010.[238]. Barbara Ostfeld-Horowitz became the first female cantor to be ordained in Reform Judaism in 1975. [135] In contrast to Confucianism, which brought strife to the world by preaching humanity, the Japanese of the Kamidae period had an upright mind that converged on the "two kashikomi" of "God" and "the Emperor," and society was naturally harmonious without the need to preach humanity. [30], In local rituals, the Ichinomiya system developed, in which dispatched Kokushi set the order of shrines to be worshipped in each country by ranking the domestic shrines. In Japan, festivals are usually sponsored by a local shrine or temple, though they can be secular.. [89], This teaching is embodied in the current canon law (1024)[90] and the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992), by the canonical statement: "Only a baptized man (Latin: vir) validly receives sacred ordination. [21] Neither priests nor priestesses live as ascetics; in fact, it is common for them to be married,[20] and they are not traditionally expected to meditate. However, because the clarity and wisdom of the Divine Light is clouded by the contamination of the human mind, it is necessary to return to the original form through tsutsumi. [193] Tenrikyo began when Miki Nakayama, the founder of Tenrikyo, received a divine blessing in 1838. The shrine was built over 1,800 years ago and it is said to be one of the prettiest Shinto shrines of its kind thanks to its ornate architecture and dainty design features. Therefore, women who wish to live as nuns in those countries must do so by taking eight or ten precepts. [3]:28,84, Ascetic practices, shrine rituals and ceremonies, and Japanese festivals are the most public ways that Shinto devotees celebrate and offer adoration for the kami. [9] Where laws prohibit sex discrimination in employment, exceptions are often made for clergy (for example, in the United States) on grounds of separation of church and state. The kami came to be viewed as part of Buddhist cosmology and were increasingly depicted anthropomorphically. In the Byzantine rite the liturgical office for the laying-on of hands for the deaconess is exactly parallel to that for the deacon; and so on the principle lex orandi, lex credendithe Church's worshipping practice is a sure indication of its faithit follows that the deaconesses receives, as does the deacon, a genuine sacramental ordination: not just a (chirothesia) but a (chirotonia). In addition to the Tachibana family Shinto mentioned above, the Hakka Shinto and Tsuchimikado Shinto were organized under the influence of the Taruka Shinto. When a singular concept is needed, -kami () is used as a suffix. In the eighteenth century, ministers typically sat at the front of the meeting house, with women on one side and men on the other, all on the same raised platform.[145]. [4] Other key figures are Gongen (), which are considered to be the manifestation of Buddhas as Japanese kami. Another significant ritual practiced during the Obon festival in Japan is to craft a cucumber horse and eggplant cow, known as shry uma (, "spirit horse") or ushi uma (, "cow horse"), that act as a vessel for the ancestors to come back home and return, respectively.. Etymology. The History of Shinto is the development of Shinto the traditional religion of Japan.. He is restrained by the Shinto god Kashima. All of life belongs to God. [167] On September 12, 2021, the Mid-America Union Conference Constituency voted 82% to authorize the ordination of women in ministry, becoming the third union conference in the NAD to do so. [124], During the Edo period, while Buddhism took its place as the state religion under the Terashi system, ideologically it stagnated as a whole. [174] Nevertheless, Witness deacons ("ministerial servants") and elders must be male, and only a baptized adult male may perform a Jehovah's Witness baptism, funeral, or wedding. Although historians debate at what point it is suitable to refer to Shinto as a distinct religion, kami veneration has been traced back to Japan's Yayoi period (300 BC to AD 300). Worshippers in ancient Japan revered creations of nature which exhibited a particular beauty and power such as waterfalls, mountains, boulders, animals, trees, grasses, and even rice paddies. [149] Atsutane believed that the universe is composed of three elements: heaven, earth, and Hades. [135] She and Sarah Mullally, Bishop of Crediton, were the first women to be consecrated and ordained bishop in Canterbury Cathedral. Women's mosques, called nusi, and female imams have existed since the 19th century in China and continue today. [196] Oomoto also had an extremely large impact on the Shinto sects of later generations, giving rise to a series of new religious movements known as "Oomon-kei" and influencing the formation of the Seicho-no-ie. The Bureau strongly emphasized the precept that "Shinto is a non-religion," and worked to prohibit the expression of Shinto's own religious ideas, while it vigorously restrained the religious activities of Shinto priests, such as funeral rites and missionary activities. With the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, the shrine system under the shogunate was reorganized. Zoroastrian priests in India are required to be male. The second affirmation is to have a love of nature. They have co-existed for more than a thousand years. [90] Kaneku formed many rituals along with his Shinto theories. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. This was a change from the original policy of aiming for a government based on Shintoism with unity of ritual and government, and the theory of non-religion of shrines was adopted. [131] The relationship between the sovereign and the vassal is not one of rivalry or power, but one of unity, and the sovereign and the vassal have protected the country through their mutual protection. Harumitsu was born into the Higashi-Hagura family, who were priests to the Fushimi Inari Taisha shrine, and later moved to Edo to give lectures. For example, George Fox founded the Quaker movement after stating he felt the "inner light" of Christ living in the believer was discovered in 1646. Shinto (, Shint), also kami-no-michi, is the indigenous religion of Japan and of most of the people of Japan. The number of shrines decreased from 190,000 to about 130,000 as a result of the reorganization of local shrines and unranked shrines that were closely connected to the community. This, the first formal codification of Shinto rites and norito (liturgies and prayers) to survive, became the basis for all subsequent Shinto liturgical practice and efforts. [128], In the case of Yoshida Shinto, Yoshikawa Tadashi, a merchant, was initiated into the Yoshida family, and was granted the "Shinto Dotosho" by Hagiwara Kanetsugu, the head of the Yoshida family, and became the official successor. The main reason for these ceremonies is so that Shinto followers can appease the kami in order to reach magokoro. Practitioners are called Shugenja () or Yamabushi (, literally "Mountain Prostrator"). To begin with, Mito-gaku is an academic discipline that originated in the Mito Domain, where Tokugawa Mitsukuni began compiling the Dai Nihonshi. In ancient Greek religion, some important observances, such as the Thesmophoria, were made by women. Scripture knows no sacred-secular distinction. [100] Dissenting groups advocating women's ordination in opposition to Catholic teaching[101] include Women's Ordination Worldwide, Catholic Women's Ordination,[102] Roman Catholic Womenpriests,[103] and Women's Ordination Conference. [12], The pantheon of kami, like the kami themselves, is forever changing in definition and scope. It has been used to describe mind, God, supreme being, one of the Shinto deities, an effigy, a principle, and anything that is worshipped.. Of all the churches in the Liberal Catholic movement, only the original church, the Liberal Catholic Church under Bishop Graham Wale, does not ordain women. Methodist views on the ordination of women in the rite of holy orders are diverse. [49], In the intellectual class, there was a widespread movement to doctrinize and internalize Shinto. Although there is no evidence that Harumitsu was directly apprenticed to Qi Oki, there are many books by Qi Oki in Harumitsu's collection, including "Manyo Dai Shouki", and his own commentaries on the Man'yoshu, such as "Man'yoshu Hokuanshou", mostly follow Qi Oki's readings. [246] Fangzhang is the highest position in a Taoist temple. Until then, many shrines did not have their own shrine buildings, but around this time, some shrines, especially those recognized as official shrines, began to have their own buildings. After the end of World War II, the Shinto Directive by the GHQ dismantled the state Shinto system, which was considered the root of Nationalism ideology. [55][56][57] In 2006 Merle Kodo Boyd, born in Texas, became the first African-American woman ever to receive Dharma transmission in Zen Buddhism. Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in society. [211] In 2009 (Heisei 21), the Jinja Honcho participated as a representative of Shinto in the World Assembly for Peace, a gathering of diverse religious figures from around the world, and from the standpoint of Shinto, appealed for the necessity of coexistence between nature and humankind. He took mythology as fact, and developed the theory of agnosticism, which states that attempting to interpret the workings of the heavens and the earth through logic, as in the theory of rikki, is a form of disrespect for the gods and is beyond the scope of human knowledge.[147]. [99] On the other hand, we have received strong protests from the shrines of both domestic and foreign shrines at Ise Shrine.[100]. 34 years old, he met Mabuchi for the first time in his life and became his teacher, and continued to study under him until Mabuchi's death. [83] During the same period, the Tendai monk Jippen, influenced by the Ise Shinto religion, wrote "Gyojimoto Ki Gengi," which presented the image of the Emperor as a sovereign and established the political theory of Shinto. The bhikkhunis ordained in Southern California were Lakshapathiye Samadhi (born in Sri Lanka), Cariyapanna, Susila, Sammasati (all three born in Vietnam), and Uttamanyana (born in Myanmar). Rastafari, sometimes called Rastafarianism, is a religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s.It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion.There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas. [16], The kami are both worshipped and respected within the religion of Shinto. [120] Outside of Edo, many urban festivals were revitalized, such as Gion Matsuri and Imamiya Matsuri in Kyoto, Tenjin Matsuri in Osaka, Hiyoshi Sanno Matsuri in Shiga, Chichibu Yatsuri in Saitama, and Takayama Matsuri in Gifu. Click to reveal Some Orthodox writers regard deaconesses as having been a "lay" ministry. When people visited the shrine, they were welcomed at their own residences, where they performed Kagura (Shinto music and dance) and were treated to sake, Ise delicacies, and quilts. [172] In 1907 (40th year of Meiji), the Ministry of Home Affairs issued the "Etiquette for Shrine Rituals and Events" to unify the etiquette of each shrine ritual. 234 defined shrines as "state religious services. Structurally, a Shinto shrine typically comprises several buildings. He stated that the "Motomune Sougen Shinto" handed down by his family was the legitimate Shinto since the dawn of Japan, and defined God as "the spiritual head of heaven, earth and all things" and the Way as "the origin of all things and all actions". 105, 112. After the rise of the Shogunate, however, their duty was to liaise with the Shogunate and seek its approval. In addition, Masayuki Hoshina of the Aizu domain carried out a similar reorganization of temples and shrines. [133] It had ordained 32 women as its first female priests in March 1994. Extraordinary rituals are rituals to specific deities other than the regular rituals, and are performed by the emperor directly by dispatching a ritual messenger. [108] K. K. Fitzgerald has followed and amplified Theodorou's research. [221] Weiss announced amidst criticism that the term "Rabba" would not be used anymore for his future students. After creating a comprehensive web site, a widely distrubuted petition, and a presence on various social media platforms and after holding multiple meetings with various groups, including SECC officials, the OPAC reached its goal on March 22, 2012 when the SECC Executive voted 19-2 to immediately implement the policy of ordaining pastors without regard to gender.[156]. The women deacons of the Early Church, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordination_of_women&oldid=1117047888, Articles with dead external links from November 2013, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2012, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 October 2022, at 17:22. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in Lumbini in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a ramaa. [162] On May 12, 2013, the Danish Union voted to treat men and women ministers the same and to suspend all ordinations until after the topic would be considered at the next GC session in 2015. [129], In Ise Shinto, the late Ise Shinto, which excluded Buddhism and incorporated Confucianism, was formed in the Edo period by Nobuka Deguchi, a Shinto priest. Indeed, after man fell, that command was; but before man fell there was no such command; for they were both meet-helps [Gen 2:18,20], and they were both to have dominion over all that God made [Gen 1:26,28]. [181], In 1877, the status of Shinto priests was changed to that of non-officials, and in 1879, public spending on Shinto shrines was cut off. One of the priests who was shocked by the upheaval was Yoshida Kanetomo. [195] Two years later, Onisaburo Deguchi adopted Nao as his son-in-law, and they began to work together. The earliest written tradition regarding kami worship was recorded in the 8th-century Kojiki and Nihon Shoki. The honden (, meaning: "main hall") is where a shrine's patron kami is/are enshrined. [142][143] Independent Methodist parishes that are registered with the Association of Independent Methodists do not permit the ordination of women to holy orders. [122] Kurozumi Munetada, a priest of Imamura Shrine, also founded Kurozumikyo, which taught that everyone was one with Amaterasu without discrimination of status, and spread to a wide range of people. He argued that there was a true way in Japan that he couldn't say one by one, saying that it had been transmitted, and that the reason was that there was never a change of dynasty in Japan, whereas in China where there should be Confucian teachings, what? On the other hand, the theology of Hirata Atsutane was handed down to many of his students, and Hirata school Kokugaku scholars such as Okuni Takamasa, Yano Gendo, Maruyama Sakuraku, Gonda Naosuke, and Fukuha Mishizei were responsible for the restoration of the monarchy and the formation of Shinto policies in the early Meiji period. With the advent of religious freedom in Japan after World War II, Shugend was revived. In the Kodokan Descriptive Essay, Toko began with Japanese mythology and arrived at the idea of the rule of Japan by an emperor with a lineage of ten thousand generations, rejected the "liberalization" and "Zen domination" of dynastic changes in China, and introduced the three dynasties of the Xia dynasty, Shang dynasty, and Zhou dynasty, which were regarded as sacred in Confucianism. The ancestors of a particular family can also be worshipped as kami. [242] See also Miko. Ise Jingu Shrine was placed at the top of these three ranks of shrines. The Gerarai were priestesses of Dionysus who presided over festivals and rituals associated with the god. In addition, beliefs such as Shugendo and Inmyd were established in Japan, and these also influenced Shinto. In Roman state religion, the Vestal Virgins were responsible for the continuance and security of Rome as embodied by the sacred fire that they were required to tend on pain of extreme punishment. Although Confucian thought was also incorporated in the idea of Shintoism, Confucian Shintoism differs in that it explicitly criticized Buddhism and attempted to escape its influence. After taking up the above-mentioned books as the basis for the legitimacy of the outer shrine, Yukitada Tokai, who became the center of the outer shrine, said, "The biography of the Emperor Ise Grand Shrine" and "The book of the Emperor Toyokei Shrine" were written, and the book of Ise Shinto was expanded to the world. The Meiji Constitution enacted in 1890 (Meiji 23) also did not include any mention of Shinto. [68] Additionally, Paul's letter to the Romans, written in the first century AD, mentions a woman deacon. Shugend literally means "the path of training and testing" or "the way to spiritual power through discipline. In 927 CE, the Engi-shiki (, literally, Procedures of the Engi Era) was promulgated in fifty volumes. They were worshipped as gods of the earth (mountains) and sea. The feast could go on for some time; for example, Emperor Shwa's feast spanned two days. [2], Kami is the Japanese word for a deity, divinity, or spirit. [8][70][71][72], In AD 494, in response to reports that women were serving at the altar in the south of Italy, Pope Gelasius I wrote a letter condemning female participation in the celebration of the Eucharist. As a result, Shinto shrines suffered more economic damage than temples, which were expected to generate income from funerals and religious activities[170]and shrines were placed in a very difficult economic position throughout the Meiji period. Shinto (, Shint), also kami-no-michi, is the indigenous religion of Japan and of most of the people of Japan. [192] In 1875, the teaching position of the Ministry of Education was abolished, and as mentioned above, state Shinto came to be separated from its religious aspects based on the theory of Shinto non-religion. He claimed that the "Divine Decree of the Immortality of Heaven and Earth," which is found in the "Nihon Shoki" (Chronicles of Japan), in which Amaterasu ordered Qioniongine to rule the country from generation to generation by the descendants of the Heavenly Founder, was the beginning of the "loyalty of sovereign and vassal," and that the "Divine Decree of the Preservation of the Treasure Mirror," in which the Yatagami mirror was ordered to be enshrined as the divine body, was the beginning of the "filial piety of parents and children," which is one of the five principles of Shinto. Islam (/ s l m /; Arabic: , al-Islm (), transl. [177] The Ministry of Religious Affairs introduced a system of teaching positions to inculcate a spirit of patriotism and respect for the emperor among the people through the joint efforts of Shinto priests and Buddhist monks, but this system was quickly dismantled due to opposition from both the Shinto and Buddhist sides. [185] In 1906, the system of preservation money for government shrines and shrines was abolished, and government shrines and shrines were to be paid from the national treasury on a regular basis. The position held by the Liberal Catholic Church is that the Church, even if it wanted to ordain women, does not have the authority to do so and that it would not be possible for a woman to become a priest even if she went through the ordination ceremony. Gory are the vengeful spirits of the dead whose lives were cut short, but they were calmed by the devotion of Shinto followers and are now believed to punish those who do not honor the kami. Not surprisingly, scholars have been polarized about its meaning. Twenty years later, the now constituted Mariavite Church was riven by policy differences and a leadership struggle. During this period, the ritual system of the Ise Grand Shrine was also developed, and in the reign of Emperor Temmu, the Emperor of Japan would share a meal with the Amaterasu, facing the direction of Ise. Rastafari, sometimes called Rastafarianism, is a religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s.It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion.There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas. Five Elements Theory, the outer shrine was given priority over the inner shrine based on the "water over fire" principle. Shrines came under growing government influence and citizens were encouraged to worship the emperor as a kami. They strongly believed the spirits or resident kami deserved respect. One provision of the senatorial decree was that only women should serve as priests of the Dionysian religion, perhaps to guard against the politicizing of the cult,[31] since even Roman women who were citizens lacked the right to vote or hold political office. [203] This was the first known time that a woman had led a mixed-gender Muslim congregation in prayer in American history. The reasoning behind this belief is that the female body does not effectively channel the masculine energies of Christ, the true minister of all the sacraments. In many cases, people who once lived are thus revered; an example of this is Tenjin, who was Sugawara no Michizane (845903 CE) in life. Sha Islam embodies a completely independent system of religious interpretation and political authority in the Muslim world. Leading a life of begging, asceticism, and meditation, he attained [165], In 1867 (the third year of Kei), the Great Decree of the Restoration of the Monarchy was issued. Members are typically considered Priests and Priestesses when they are given the rite of Initiation within the coven, though some may choose to undergo additional training to become High Priestess who often has the final say in matters and who may choose who can be her High Priest. However, what was granted was the right to make profits from the shrines, and the ownership of the land belonged to the shogunate. "Entering the mountain for a certain period of time," a kind of mountain retreat during which yamabushi do various ascetic practices and receive esoteric knowledge and initiations. With the collapse of the Ritsuryo system, a strong sense of crisis arose among the Shinto forces, which began to shake the foundations of their existence, and they began to describe Shinto rituals with a mystical authority. All believers are priests.
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