Nice stuff I'd never seen one in action.Thanks. K. Walthers Inc.P.O. William S Mack unloading at the Hullet in 1908 at Buffalo New York. There is a part of one on display there at Point Park which overlooks the coal yard and marina. The Hulett Ore Unloaders at the C&P Ore Dock (now Cleveland Bulk Terminal) were built in 1912 and operated continuously until December of 1992. By 1913, 54 Hulett machines were in service, the vast majority along the shores of Lake Erie. Introduction. Price includes shipping; international inquire at peterknolan@gmail.com, Kit with 24 Z scale axles and C40 track. A completed model is $550 plus insurance and shipping. The kit is divided into two large subassemblies starting with the base, which is like building a girder bridge that moves. It was constructed by the Webster, Camp & Lane Company of Akron. . It gives a functioal point from a model, may be helpful for the daring modeler looking to automate the giant for their layout. GATC 8,000 Gallon Radial Course Tank Car from Tangent Scale Models, Strasburg No. The tower assembly moved forward so that the bucket extended over the ships hold, descended into the hold for a ten-ton load, then raised and moved backwards to drop the load into a weighing car, which then dropped the load into the Larry [sic] car which traveled over the loading tracks. Hulett Iron-Ore Unloaders Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark; . Fabulous model from Walthers. Huletts were normally built in pairs that worked together to unload a single boat. It was moved to the front for the main bucket to discharge its load, and then moved back to dump it into a waiting railroad car, or out onto a cantilever frame at the back to dump the load onto a stockpile. I built the first model from the top down, figuring that tolerances would flow from the inside out. ), C2-S-B1 459 Cargo Ship American Flyer (1944-1976), New 180 Coastal Freighter/Tanker/Container Ship, Finally! The towering machine weighs more than an army of five thousand men, yet it obeys the slightest touch of its human master's hand as readily as if it were a bicycle. It was a challenging project, but great fun. The electrically powered Hulett unloader rode on two parallel tracks along the docks, one near the edge and one further . Berea, Ohio, USA - September 1, 2010 - A replica of one of the true monsters of the Great Lakes, the Hulett Ore Unloader, is now being offered in an ongoing effort to raise funds for The Ohio Museum of Transportation & Industry (OMTI) project. We would like to communicate with any former Hulett operator or anyone who worked on a Hulett to gather living history information for our new museum and as background on the . Home / News & Reviews / Product Reviews / Staff Reviews / Walthers HO scale Hulett unloader, Read this review from Model Railroader magazine. A pair of them is at work unloading a coal barge. A little background : Iron ore , usually taconite , is brought to the mill site by ship . I also grew up in Cleveland and was fascinated to watch the Hulletts operating. The Hulett Unloader has three major subassemblies: the base platform, the moving platform and the walking beam. The Hulett was invented by George Hulett of Conneaut, Ohio, in the late 19th century; he received a patent for his invention in 1898. The additional unloading capacity that the Huletts brought allowed for more than doubling of the ore traffic in the 19001912 period. Lake boat designs changed to accommodate the Hulett unloader, and became much larger,[1] doubling in length and quadrupling in capacity. Each machine was custom-built, but they share a common design that Walthers has captured in this interesting model. Its supported by four huge eight-wheel trucks that allow the Hulett to move sideways along the dock on four rails (not included). Wow neat video, I can see why they replaced them however, looks labor intensive with multiple operators, what was their successor? They are my best understanding, but that does not mean they are a correct understanding. Get the newest photos, videos, stories, and more from Trains.com brands. HULETT ORE UNLOADERS 3113 views. 1. when built in 1911-1912, this was the largest ore-unloading dock on the great lakes. I enjoy industrial modeling , particularly the steel industry circa 1950 . Box 3039Milwaukee, WI 53201www.walthers.com. When the hold was mostly empty, it was the job ofthe Ore Hogs to jump in and assist this metal giant. Two Huletts were saved from scrap and stored on Whiskey Islandforpreservation, but have yet to be re-erected. A track gauge is supplied to make this easier for inexperienced modelers. Ore unloading dock, looking south. And Walthers makes it easy to model! I saw them at Whiskey Island just west of Cleveland, Oh. Wellman also combined with McMyler to design many of the coal loaders at various (mostly Ohio) ports. Thebucket car, a carriage from which extended a beam that could be moved up and down with the huge bucket at the end, ran along a girder supported by steel towers. 14 Patented in 1898, the first of his machines was built the following year in 1890 at Conneaut Harbor in Conneaut, Ohio. [citation needed], The Hulett machine revolutionised iron ore shipment on the Great Lakes. The last ones were used until about 1992, when self-unloading boats were standard on the American side of the lake. The Huletts were highly efficient materials handling machines unique to the Great Lakes. U S Steel unloaded boats into huge pits and moved the ore via conveyors. [citation needed] One was installed in New York City to unload garbage.[1]. The Hulett machine revolutionized iron ore shipment on the Great Lakes. They became obsolete when the more modern lake boats arrived with self unloading features. These are Micro Trains Z scale wheelsets that snap into the 3D printed bogies, so the Huletts can travel parallel to the dock side on ready-to-run Z scale tracks (not supplied). The kit is cleanly molded in dark gray styrene. How do the operators not suck in all that ore dust? Between 1898 and 1960, a total of 75 Hulett's were built. Even though the Huletts were automatic, the human factor in this whole equation was not excluded. St. Elizabeths Hospital An Institution That Once Housed 100,000 Slides of Brain Tissue, The brand new empty town of Valdeluz in the middle of Spain. George H. Hulett of Conneaut, OH patented his new machine, the Hulett Iron-Ore Unloader in 1898. [citation needed], By 1913, 54 Hulett machines were in service. The Hulett could move along the dock to align with the holds on an ore boat. A total of approximately 75 Huletts were built. If youre careful with the cement, the completed bucket can be opened and closed and the leg will rotate. The Hulett machine revolutionized iron ore shipment on the Great Lakes. Multiple Huletts spaced along the dock face were capable of relieving a bulk freighter of 10,000 tons of iron ore in five hours or less. When the great hand of the machine is open, it covers eighteen feet of ore, and closes with a grip that is irresistible. Hulett Unloader - Ashland Iron & Steel-Kit - 17-1/2 x . As time went on, Samuel T. Wellman made some substantial and necessary improvements to the original design. I was a great lake captain and I have had vessels unloaded by these hulett's. Then it disappeared. Production models have even more detail such as the apertures of the weighing car and details related to the bucket. One caution: The operating joints, particularly the trunions on the walking beam, are fragile and break off easily. Here this machine was used to unload boats full of taconite from the iron mines near Lake Superior. HULETT ORE UNLOADERS 2832 views. Get instant access to more than 725 product reviews and videos. Even though this machines were part of the National Register of Historic Places and designated as a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark they were still dismantled to enable development of the underlying land. US Shipping included; international inquire at peterknolan@gmail.om, New 266 and 335 Modern Container Ships (Also 415! A massive walking beam tips back and forth to raise and lower the bucket leg. Opening the box revealed a pile of 17 sprues of strange-shaped parts. As their popularity grew, by 1913 there were around 54 Hulett machines installed. Here are two Huletts on my workbench, ready for a customers. Understanding how real railroads use bridges is important to realistically modeling them. Invented by Clevelander George H. Hulette (1846-1923). We feature beginner and advanced help on all model railroading scales, including layout track plans, model railroad product reviews, model train news, and model railroad forums. Most interesting I wondered how they worked Thanks! Why the Hulett Unloader Is One of History's Greatest Forgotten Machines. A parallel beam was mounted halfway down this column to keep the column vertical as it was raised or lowered. Cleveland, Ohio: The Hulett ore unloaders are recognised by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. of ore, raised, and moved back toward the dock. The Larry car moved on a set of interior rails to reach up to eight tracks. What killed them the ships got bigger in size from ave of 550 feet to 730 feet, and as Mr. Zamirowski said the self unloader came around and the size of the ship went to 1000 feet. Photo by Jerry Mann. All photos (except one) are from 1943 at the Cleveland and Pittsburgh (C&P) Ore Dock. Read below for the history of the Huletts on the Great Lakes. It appears that the video was the Pennsy docks in Cleveland. This first generation of Hulett proved to be a success and many more were soon built along the Great Lakes, most notably the southern shore of Lake Erie. These towersrode along the dock railroad trackson wheeled trucks. Each arm has not only a hand, but a wrist as well. The weighing car. The hullett unloaders in the pics unloaded the boat and they dumped the ore into RR cars that ran under the rigs. Why Sign In? I agree, fantastic video. This is a very impress machine monster!I saw a lots of videos and fotos of this machine.Its great!!! At the time, the Huletts were on their way out since ore boats were self-unloading. . The innovator responsible for designing these automatic unloaders is George Hulett of Ohio. By 1908, Ashtabula had eight Huletts. modeling a hulett ore unloader ore dock, looking east from hulett no. The 100-foot-tall, 800-ton machines were capable of shoveling up to 17 tons of iron ore, coal, and limestone in a single gulp from lake freighters through the use of cantilevered arms and massive buckets. By the time I saw them they were out of service but luckily one is to be saved for display. New self unloading ships put the Hulett's out of work by 1992. The Huletts came in a variety of sizes, and this is one of the more compact units. Use these three photos as an overall reference to the build. As an aside; the operation at Whiskey Island used to be huge with room for thousands of hoppers. . 475 back in service after accident. The model conforms quite closely to Mike Rabbit's plans of a Hulett. Substantial improvements were later made on the design by Samuel T. The Hulett ore unloaders are part of the mighty industrial heritage of the Great Lakes region. This does look to be a really nice model too bad I don't need one! The early Hulett's were steam powered with a bucket capacity of 10 tons and rated unloading capacity up to 275 tons per hour. Hulett Iron Ore Unloader (Hulett Eisenerzentladekran) aus Mrklin Metallbaukasten Messe Faszination Modellbau, Sinsheim 2009 with lower gantry and upper carriage with walking beam, digging arm and bucket. Who will be the first modeler to build an operating model using the Walthers kit and DCC? Photos from the Ralph Roberts Collection. The Hulett was invented by George Hulett; he received a patent in 1898. Keep up the great work. This in turn carried a large walking beam which could be raised or lowered; at the dock end of this was a vertical column with a large scoop bucket on the end. A different breed. The first working machine was built the following year. The workmen who operated the Hulett uploaders were known as Ore Hogs.[3]. Lake boats changed to accommodate the Hulett unloader, and became much larger, doubling in length and quadrupling in capacity. Hulett pictures from a 1944 Wellman Engineering book of their installations. (in 1901 dollars) Unloading only took 5 to 10 hours, as opposed to days for previous methods. Very interesting video,i too was wondering how thy workedseams like along tedius job. Tonnage over this time went from 6/8 thousand to over 61,000. Unloading only took 5-10 hours, as opposed to days for previous . The Huletts were electrically powered and rode on two parallel tracks along the docks. Later models, after 1910, were electric powered (with several 75HP DC motors) with a bucket capacity up to 22 tons and rated at 475 tons per hour. Dedicated to education and activism regarding saving Cleveland's Huletts, disassembled and stored on Whiskey Island.. Great. A well-illustrated 12-page instruction booklet is included, and everything is number coded. Anyone know what these were called or if there is video for them as well? The next generation of freight cars will be articu BNSF Bridge Replacement over Wood River at Home Va Two boats were converted to train aircraft carrier Two Porter Junctions in Northwest Indiana. It was successful, and many more were built along the Great Lakes, especially the southern shore of Lake Erie to unload boats full of taconite from the iron mines near Lake Superior. I used a hobby knife, sprue cutters, a small flat file, and liquid plastic cement to build the kit. Here you may see the marvellous Hulett automatic unloaders, which are nothing less than gigantic steel arms that thrust themselves into a vessel's depth and grasp a ten-ton handful of ore apiece. Since then almost all of them have been scraped. In a later development, a wheeled excavator was chained to the Hulett's bucket and lowered into the hold to fill the Hulett. Unloading only took 510 hours, as opposed to days for previous methods. Order Ascending; Order Descending; BuckeyeDon. Most old turbine steamers such as the Fitzgerald have been converted. Unloading with Huletts cost only 5/ton. Patented in 1898,the first of his machines was built the following year in 1890 at Conneaut Harbor in Conneaut, Ohio. It could unload an ore boat at the rate of 275 tons an hour. The tail of the base platform can be and was shortened for less than the full eight tracks. Since I could not determine which dock this was at, I'll put here in the general Hulett notes. glue grew, reaching 475' (144.7m) by 1897. The same job was done by a Hulett at a price of 5/ton and this 13 difference made the machines so popular that they appeared in numerous articles and newspapers. After 1903, all others were built by Cleveland's Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co. Invented in 1899, these machines were a common sight in ports throughout the southern Great Lakes. Two were built at Lake Superior (unloading coal) and five at Gary, Indiana, but the vast majority were along the shores of Lake Erie. The video leaves us in no doubt as to how it operated and, as such, is an invaluable aid for any layout as well as weathering the model. . A moveable ore receiving hopper and scale sits on the top level of the bridge, while a larry car on the lower level transfers the inbound ore into the hopper cars underneath. Once industry developed new methods to process and paint with your model . These are notes that I am writing to help me learn our industrial history. Among the most notable ports where Hulett unloaders were installed are the ports at Ashtabula, Cleveland, Conneaut, Huron, Lorain, and Toledo. The scoop bucket was lowered into the ship's hold, closed to capture a quantity (10 tons approx.) The first working machine was built the following year at Conneaut Harbor. I saw many of these in action when I was a boy in Cleveland, Ohio. (Dock mounted unloaders such as the Huletts were made obsolete by. How long did it take to unload an average ship? Bearings and shafts (8 @ 3/32 and 4 @ 1/16), Z scale Rails (top of base, code 40 supplied), The Older Styrene Model (Superceded By Above). I worked at U S Steel in Gary and they had about six Huletts until a microburst or tornado knocked them over leaving one or two standing upright; the others were toppled like dominos. The Lehigh Valley had Huletts at it's New Jersey Claremont Terminal location. The machine's operator, stationed in the vertical beam above the bucket for maximum cargo visibility, could spin the beam at any angle. Are there any example s of Hullett unloaders still around? Walthers # wrr2966. Tracks belonged to N&W if I remember correctly. Subscribe to Model Railroader today! Many of these machines operated for almost 90 years primarily in the Southern Great Lakes Region. Gary. Thank goodness someone had the foresight to make the video-. Watched a freighter being loaded at Thunder Bay Ontario many years ago The ore was transported by rail from SteepRock Iron Mines in Atikokan Ontario. These unloaded hoppers into boats, then were kicked up a high ramp to change tracks and get into the empty track. It was constructed by the Webster, Camp & Lane Company of Akron. These workmen entered the hold and shovelled the remaining ore into the Huletts bucket. A 1 to 32 Scale Model. [citation needed] In 1999, only six remained, the group of four at Whiskey Island in Cleveland, the oldest. The operator, standing on the wrist like an obstinate insect, goes up and down with the powerful arm, which he can guide in any necessary direction. Unloading with Huletts cost only 5/ton. [2] The Port Authority disassembled and retained two Huletts, to enable their reconstruction at another site, but the reconstruction has not yet happened.[1]. In an era of industrial expansion and technological advances, the Hulett Ore-Unloader helped Cleveland become one of the greatest steel manufacturing cities of the twentieth century. That is, the outside dimension of the walking beam These were supposed to be used for the unloading of import ore ships for the Bethlehem Steel Company in Bethlehem, PA. Great video and a stunning reproduction of the Hullett. His machine revolutionized ore ship unloading by reducing the time needed to unload an entire bulk ship by almost 75% and it only required a crew of two to operate. The bucket looks like it came out of my old erector set. Walthers has out did themseves with this model. The new version is priced at $189 plus shipping. The mechanised process could take anywhere between 5 to 10 hours. 13 With its 10-ton grab bucket, the Hulett Unloader could unload up to 600 tons of ore in an hour. MUSEUM LAUNCHES "MONSTEROUS" FUNDRAISING PROGRAM TARGETING MODEL ENTHUSIASTS. The Hulett machines more than revolutionized iron ore shipment on the Great Lakes. would allow the operator to descend into the hatch . I just ordered one, now I will have to extend my steel works. The Huletts were revolutionary automatic ore unloaders, huge mechanical materials handling machinesdesigned specifically for use atthe Great Lakes of North America. Sign-up for email today! Subscribers, sign in to access exclusive content. Order Ascending; Order Descending; BuckeyeDon. The last Huletts to remain standing were from this second generation. The rest were used for unloading barges of coal in South Chicago until 2002. Their unsuitability for use in tidewater ports, as they could not adjust to rising and falling water levels, meant that they were rarely used elsewhere. Railroads represented on the coal cars: Hocking Valley, Kanawha and Michigan, Zanesville & Western, Toledo & Ohio Central. This is the HO Scale Hulett Unloader - Ashland Iron & Steel - Kit - 17-1/2 x 8-3/4 x 12-1/2'' from Walthers. the dock featured four hulett unloaders, each with a bucket capacity of 17 tons; a 15-ton capacity ore stocking and rehandling bridge; and a one-million-ton capacity ore storage yard. Huletts often worked in gangs of two, three or even four to unload the larger Great Lakes freighters that they enabled. . Evolution of Illinois Central and Grant Park at th Roosevelt and Cermak Streetcar Extensions to 1933- Chicago's "L" started with steam locomotives. My Grandmother used to take us to see the unloaders at the Port of Lorain, Ohio. Huletts were used until 1992 when self-unloading boats became the standard on the American side of the lake. Demonstration of a moving model of a Hulett iron ore unloader. By the time the calendar showed 1999 there were only six left, four of them at Whiskey Island in Cleveland, Ohio. The second subassembly is the main carriage that rides on top of the base, and it can be moved to position the bucket. August 1998. This ugly, ungainly contraption revolutionized iron ore shipment in the 20th century. These iron behemoths dominated the landscape of the historic Whiskey Island docks at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and other Great Lakes ports for . These were the last of their breed to operate, replaced by self-unloading vessels with conveyor systems.". Hulett Ore Unloader. The Hulett Ore Unloaders, Power House, accessorial buildings, and land improvements at the C&P Ore Dock on Cleveland's Lakefront at 5400 Whiskey Island have been designated a Cleveland Landmark by . Some subassemblies could conceivably be printed as one piece but I chose to print them as flat sides for better consistency and less trimming and clean-up. In 2000 two of the C&P Hulett's were domolished while two were dismantled for future display and are currently stored at Cleveland/Cuyahoga County Port Authoritys C&P Ore Docks. The Hulett Automatic Ore Unloader was invented by George H. Hulett, a native of Ohio, in the late 1800's. He recieved the patent for this invention in 1898 and the following year the first working model was built at Conneaut Harbor in Conneaut, Ohio. Now most freighters are self unloaders with a conveyor running under the cargo hold gates, and a conveyor boom that swings off the side of the ship. In spite of the Cleveland machines being on the National Register of Historic Places and designated as a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark, they were demolished in 2000 by the Cleveland Port Authority to enable development of the underlying land. Previous methods of unloading lake freighters, involving hoists and buckets and much hand labor, cost approximately 18/ton. Assembly goes well, but keep the instructions handy and leave the parts on the sprues until theyre needed. The Hulett Ore-Unloader 1. In its standby position, with the bucket sitting on the ore hopper, the model is an impressive scale 125 feet long, 34 feet wide, and 85 feet tall. In 1844, rich iron ore deposits were discovered in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Many thanks for a supperb video, this brought back memories of when i was an officer in the merchant marine,i will have to look at a small shelf layout incorperating this model, PATRICK DUBLIN IRELAND, Fantastic! Two were installed at Lake Superior for unloading coal and five at Gary, Indiana, but the majority of the machines were along the shores of Lake Erie. A single Hulett could load up to eight tracks. [1] really interesting to watch , so thank you . The total number of Huletts installed was around 75. 13 replies. The innovator responsible for designing these automatic unloaders is George Hulett of Ohio. c1910. The Hulett was invented by George Hulett; he received a patent in 1898. George Hulett . Last of them were demolished in the Spring of 2010. However, I plan to paint it grayish-black and add a patina of rust and iron ore dust. The Model Railroaders Guide to Bridges & Trestles. To reduce the required motion of the carriage, a moving receiving hopper ran between the main girders. Manufacturer: Wm. All have since been scrapped. Walters does a fine job on most of their models. My wife is from Ashtabula, Ohio just 10 miles from Conneaut where the Hulett was invented. These were used all over the shores of the American great lakes before the advent of self-unlo. Steel towers, riding on wheeled trucks, supported girders that spanned the railroad tracks. I can't wait for one in N scale by Walthers. Would like to see more videos of this type, showing how some of the more odd and even common railcar loading / unloading equipment works. Hulett machine unloading ore at Buffalo, N.Y c1908, Maumee River waterfront -- Toledo, O. Just looked at the youtube video. The first Hulett's were built by Webster, Camp & Lane Machine Co.in Akron OH. The new Hulett Unloader is built from 12 3D printed subassemblies that require no special modeling skills besides gluing together a few parts. Beginning in 1899 a new machine, the "Hulett Iron-Ore Unloader" (or shortly "Hulett"), revolutionised the discharge of this important raw material for the fast growing heavy industry. In comparison, the previous method of unloading by hand could take a whole week. the hulett ore unloader - The Ohio Museum of Transportation and One such project is the design of a working model of a Hulett Iron Ore Unloader. these huge devices made quick work of offloading tons of iron ore (and later taconite pellets) from the holds of ore boats into waiting rail cars. Along these girders ran a carriage which could move toward or away from the dock face. Overall, I spent about 21 hours building the Hulett. The base is equipped with 4 D bogies or 16 wheels in total. Previous methods of unloading lake freighters, involving hoists and buckets and much hand labor, cost approximately 18/ton. The HULETT ORE UNLOADERS were invented by Clevelander GEORGE H. HULETT in 1898, as a means to quickly unload lake ore carriers. Unlimited Members, sign in to enjoy sitewide access. The invention, designed by George Hulett, was vital to the production and processing of iron ore into steel. Today, only two of the machines remain. The tower assembly has two A bogies and two C bogies or eight wheels in total. It came (and still comes) from mines at the Lake Superior and was shipped to the ports of . The actual Hulett is an amazing piece of engineering I've never seen anything like it. As a fund raising project we are creating up to 100 units of a 1:48 scale fully working model of the Hulett Ore Unloaders that operated on Whiskey Island in Cleveland. Get 12 spectacular layouts showcased all year long. The cost for emptying a lake freighter using buckets, hoists, and much hand laborwas approximately 18/ton. Major parts are positionable, so the model can be . 933-2966 Hulett I sheet 5/5/09 1:41 PM Page 1 HO Scale Structure Kit 933-2966 HULETT UNLOADER Thanks for purchasing this Cornerstone Series Missabe . Member since December 2020; From: Amherst, OH . Several times, in the holds of ore-vessels, the writer has seen steel girders that were bent and wrenched away by the grip of this mighty giant. Claremont Terminal was built between 1917 and 1923. For modelers, the next challenge will be figuring out how to animate one of these mechanical monsters. Model Railroading > Hulett Ore Unloader HO Scale. The first, steam-powered, with a 10-ton-capacity grab bucket, went into service at Conneaut, Ohio, in 1899. The walking beam, for example, is basically two tapered boxes each with two sides and a top and bottom. One was even installed in New York to unload garbage. I really enjoyed the film. It was unsuited to tidewater ports because it could not adjust for rising and falling tides, although one was used in New York City. Three workers were needed to operate one, the crane operator that rode in the bucket, the lorry car operator that loaded the rail cars, and the oiler that keep everything lubricated. The level of detail is great, and moving parts are a great plus. The Hulett was an ore unloader that was widely used on the Great Lakes of North America. Previous methods of unloading lake freighters, involving hoists and buckets and much hand labor, cost approximately 18/ton. Four tracks fit underneath, but the clearances are close. Unloading with Huletts cost only 6/ton. Enjoy 283 full-length articles, each with large, detailed track plans. The additional unloading capacity they brought helped permit a greater than doubling of the ore traffic in the 19001912 period. these huge devices made quick work of offloading tons of iron ore (and later taconite pellets) from the holds of ore boats into waiting rail . The Hulett Automatic Ore Unloader was invented by George H. Hulett, a native of Ohio, in the late 1800's. He recieved the patent for this invention in 1898 and the following year the first working model was built at Conneaut Harbor in Conneaut, Ohio. Them however, I 'll put here in the upper Peninsula of Michigan conforms quite closely to Rabbit & Lane Company of Akron that did the initial construction the bucket leg ready for a customers the of. Inside out the unloaders at the C & O and Lakefront dock hulett ore unloader model sets Hulletts The human factor in this interesting model Buffalo, N.Y c1908, Maumee River waterfront -- Toledo,. 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